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Cambridge IELTS 17 - Academic - Test 1 - Reading - Passage 1

Here you can find the vocabulary from Test 1 - Reading - Passage 1 in the Cambridge IELTS 17 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

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Cambridge IELTS 17 - Academic
railway
railway
[noun]

a system or network of tracks with the trains, organization, and people needed to operate them

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astonishing
astonishing
[Adjective]

causing great surprise or amazement due to being impressive, unexpected, or remarkable

Ex: She shared an astonishing story about her travels in Africa. 
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rate
rate
[noun]

the relative speed or pace of progress, growth, or decline

Ex: The rate of technological change is accelerating. 
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objector
objector
[noun]

an individual who displays their disagreement with something or someone

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to argue
to argue
[Verb]

to provide reasons when saying something is the case, particularly to persuade others that one is right

Ex: He argued that increasing funding for education would lead to long-term benefits for society. 
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congested
congested
[Adjective]

(of a place) filled with many people, vehicles, or objects, leading to difficulties in movement

Ex: The congested streets during rush hour made driving through the city slow and frustrating. 
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expansion
expansion
[noun]

an increase in the amount, size, importance, or degree of something

Ex: The expansion of the business into international markets was successful. 
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to consist

to be constructed from or made up of certain things or people

Ex: The salad consists of lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, and dressing. 
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overcrowded
overcrowded
[Adjective]

(of a space or area) filled with too many people or things, causing discomfort or lack of space

Ex: The overcrowded streets made it hard to find a parking spot. 
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slum
slum
[noun]

(often plural) a very poor and overpopulated area of a city or town in which the houses are not in good condition

Ex: He advocates for better housing solutions for people in slums. 
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horse-drawn
horse-drawn
[Adjective]

pulled or powered by a horse or horses

Ex: The tourists enjoyed a horse-drawn carriage ride through the historic district. 
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carriage
carriage
[noun]

a vehicle with usually four wheels, pulled by one or more horses

Ex: The elegant carriage rolled down the cobblestone street, drawn by a pair of white horses. 
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numerous
numerous
[Adjective]

indicating a large number of something

Ex: The library has numerous books on various subjects. 
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scheme
scheme
[noun]

an organized and carefully planned course of action

Ex: The company launched a scheme to expand internationally. 
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to propose

to formally suggest or introduce a motion, idea, or action for consideration and discussion by a legislature

Ex: The senator proposed a new bill to increase funding for education. 
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to resolve

to find a way to solve a disagreement or issue

Ex: The couple attended counseling to resolve their marital conflicts. 
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vocal
vocal
[Adjective]

giving opinions loudly or freely

Ex: She was vocal in her support for environmental conservation at the town hall meeting. 
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advocate
advocate
[noun]

someone who actively supports, promotes, or defends a particular cause or viewpoint, often through public speaking, writing, or activism

Ex: She's a passionate advocate for environmental sustainability. 
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solicitor
solicitor
[noun]

(in the UK) a lawyer who is entitled to give legal advice, prepare legal documents for contracts and defend people in lower courts of law

Ex: She consulted a solicitor for advice on buying a house. 
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to relocate

to move to a new place or position

Ex: The company decided to relocate its headquarters to a more centralized location. 
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inner city

an area close to the center of a city that usually suffers from economic problems

Ex: Community leaders are working to revitalize the inner city by investing in affordable housing and economic development initiatives. 
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to construct

to build a house, bridge, machine, etc.

Ex: Engineers and construction workers collaborated to construct a sturdy and safe bridge. 
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to gain
to gain
[Verb]

to obtain or achieve something that is needed or desired

Ex: He gained the knowledge necessary to excel in his field through extensive research. 
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to submit
to submit
[Verb]

to formally present something, such as a proposal or document, to someone in authority for review or decision

Ex: He will submit his application for the job by tomorrow. 
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to coincide

to occur at the same time as something else

Ex: Her birthday coincides with the start of the school year. 
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proposal
proposal
[noun]

something suggested or put forward for consideration, such as an idea, plan, or assumption

Ex: Her proposal to extend the project was accepted. 
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to merge
to merge
[Verb]

to combine and create one whole

Ex: The two companies decided to merge, forming a larger and more competitive organization. 
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metropolitan
metropolitan
[Adjective]

relating to a large city or urban area

Ex: The metropolitan skyline glittered with towering skyscrapers and bright lights. 
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to raise
to raise
[Verb]

to assemble money or resources, particularly in order to achieve or create something

Ex: Hammond Co. will need to raise $2 million to finance the offer. 
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funding
funding
[noun]

the financial resources that are provided to make a particular project or initiative possible

Ex: The school secured funding to build a new library. 
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radical
radical
[Adjective]

(of actions, ideas, etc.) very new and different from the norm

Ex: The scientist proposed a radical theory that challenged established beliefs. 
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critical
critical
[Adjective]

noting or highlighting mistakes or imperfections

Ex: She gave a critical review of the movie, focusing on its weak plot. 
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to collapse

(of a construction) to fall down suddenly, particularly due to being damaged or weak

Ex: The old building collapsed after years of neglect and structural decay. 
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to poison
to poison
[Verb]

to have a harmful or destructive effect on someone or something

Ex: The constant negativity in the workplace poisoned the morale of the entire team. 
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emission
emission
[noun]

a substance that is emitted or released

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to persist

to continue a course of action with determination, even when faced with challenges or discouragement

Ex: Despite his injury, the athlete persisted in training for the marathon. 
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to minimize

to reduce something to the lowest possible degree or amount, particularly something unpleasant

Ex: She tries to minimize stress by practicing mindfulness techniques. 
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to demolish

to completely destroy or to knock down a building or another structure

Ex: The old factory was demolished to make way for a new development. 
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to schedule

to set a specific time to do something or make an event happen

Ex: He scheduled his doctor's appointment for next week. 
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trench
trench
[noun]

any long, narrow excavation or ditch in the ground, regardless of purpose

Ex: The workers dug a trench for the new pipeline. 
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timber
timber
[noun]

a vertical wooden post or stake, often used for fencing, support, or markers

Ex: A timber was driven into the ground for the fence. 
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beam
beam
[noun]

a long bar of iron or metal that supports the weight of a building

Ex: The construction workers carefully lifted the steel beam into place, securing it to the framework of the building. 
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arch
arch
[noun]

a curved symmetrical structure that supports the weight above it, used in bridges or buildings

Ex: The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is a famous example of a suspension bridge with massive arches. 
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operation
operation
[noun]

the state of being in effect or being operative

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extension
extension
[noun]

an addition that increases the size of a building

Ex: They built a rear extension to enlarge the kitchen. 
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to authorize

to officially give permission for a specific action, process, etc.

Ex: The manager will authorize the contract by signing it, giving official approval for the business deal. 
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steam locomotive

a locomotive powered by a steam engine

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firebrick
firebrick
[noun]

brick made of fire clay; used for lining e.g. furnaces and chimneys

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boiler
boiler
[noun]

a closed vessel in which water is heated to create steam or hot water, used for heating buildings, producing electricity, or powering machines

Ex: The building’s boiler provides hot water and heating during the winter. 
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tank
tank
[noun]

a large, typically metallic container designed for storing gases or liquids

Ex: The fuel tank was refilled before the long journey. 
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to condense

to cause a substance to change from a gas or vapor to a liquid state

Ex: Heat from the steam is used to condense the water vapor into liquid water in a condenser. 
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fume
fume
[noun]

smoke or gas that has a sharp smell or is harmful if inhaled

Ex: The factory released toxic fumes that posed a health risk to nearby residents. 
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ventilation shaft

a shaft in a building; serves as an air passage for ventilation

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extension
extension
[noun]

the act of expanding in scope, range, or availability

Ex: The company planned an extension of its product line. 
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circuit
circuit
[noun]

a route or journey that goes all the way around a particular place or area

Ex: He ran a circuit around the park every morning. 
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congestion

a state of being overcrowded or blocked, particularly in a street or road

Ex: There was heavy congestion on the highway during rush hour. 
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to extend
to extend
[Verb]

to stretch out or expand over a distance

Ex: The road extends for miles through the desert, disappearing into the horizon. 
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alternative

any of the available possibilities that one can choose from

Ex: We need to find an alternative if this plan doesn't work. 
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confined
confined
[Adjective]

restricted or limited in space, area, or movement

Ex: The dog was confined to the backyard because of the broken fence. 
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reliable
reliable
[Adjective]

able to be trusted to perform consistently well and meet expectations

Ex: He's reliable, always delivering on his promises and consistently producing quality work. 
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means
means
[noun]

a way, system, object, etc. through which one can achieve a goal or accomplish a task

Ex: Education is a powerful means to improve one's future prospects. 
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generator
generator
[noun]

a machine that produces electricity by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy

Ex: The hydroelectric generator harnesses the power of flowing water to produce electricity for nearby communities. 
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line
line
[noun]

the track or route along which a train travels

Ex: The commuter line was delayed by signal problems. 
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carriage
carriage
[noun]

a passenger railcar or coach

Ex: The train stopped and passengers boarded the carriage. 
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Tube
Tube
[noun]

a railway that operates underground, typically in a city

Ex: She took the Tube to work this morning. 
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housing
housing
[noun]

buildings in which people live, including their condition, prices, or types

Ex: The government is working on affordable housing. 
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initially
initially
[Adverb]

at the starting point of a process or situation

Ex: The drug was initially tested on mice before human trials. 
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to pull down

to demolish a structure or building, typically by pulling it apart or taking it down piece by piece

Ex: The city council decided to pull the old theater down to make way for a new mall. 
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royal commission

an official group created by a government to deeply study a serious issue and give advice or suggestions for solving it

Ex: The government promised to follow the royal commission's advice. 
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