Cambridge IELTS 16 - Academic - Test 3 - Reading - Passage 1 (1)

the process or activity of planning and controlling the movement of a vehicle or vessel from one place to another

(of a system, device, or technique) intricately developed to a high level of complexity

a judgment of or an opinion about the value or qualities of something

present in a person or passed down from family members, usually through genetic or hereditary means

a person who is a member of a ship's crew

to gain control of a place or people using armed forces

still in existence

a creation that is a visual or tangible rendering of someone or something

a large sheet of fabric, typically canvas, designed to catch the wind and propel a sailing vessel forward

gear consisting of ropes etc. supporting a ship's masts and sails

to uncover or expose by digging, especially to reveal buried artifacts, structures, or remains

any vehicle designed for travel across or through water

the main body or framework of a ship or boat, typically the outer shell that provides buoyancy and protects against water

to begin a process or course of action

the structure of a building, piece of furniture, vehicle, etc. that supports and shapes it

a long, flat, and rectangular piece of wood or other materials, typically used in construction, flooring, or as a structural element in various applications

to join two or more pieces of fabric or other materials together, often by using a needle and thread

a secular designation used to represent dates in the Gregorian calendar before the traditional reference point of the birth of Jesus Christ

to cause to be firmly fastened or secured

a woodworking joint where a rectangular hole (mortise) is cut into one piece of wood and a corresponding protrusion (tenon) is formed on another piece, allowing them to interlock and create a strong, durable connection

to join or fit together in a way that creates a secure and interconnected relationship

the lines of thread made by sewing cloth, leather, or other material together

a period of history marked by particular features or events

to substitute or replace one thing with another

to be formed from particular parts or things

a part that combines with others to form a larger whole, often separable and functional within a system

to a significantly large extent or by a considerable amount

the process of building or creating something, such as structures, machines, or infrastructure

a vessel designed for transporting goods and merchandise as part of commercial trade

a ship that is made for war and has weapons

highest-ranked or best in a category

used with a date to refer to things happened or existed after the birth of Christ

having little weight or mass, making it easy to carry or move

to travel on water using the power of wind or an engine

a heavy substance placed in a ship's hull or an airship's tanks to lower its center of gravity and counteract unwanted tilting, rolling, or drifting

much more than the desirable or required amount

to go under below the surface of a particular substance such as water, sand, tar, mud, etc.

having a significant physical impairment or disability that affects one's ability to move or function normally

coming immediately after a person or thing in time, place, or rank

relating to the armed forces that operate at seas or waters in general

a ram used to break down doors of fortified buildings

to forcefully pass through barriers or obstacles

a vertical wooden post or stake, often used for fencing, support, or markers

a tool used by rowers to propel and steer a boat through the water

someone who rows a boat

having superiority in power, influence, or importance

a person who participates in the sport of rowing, propelling a boat through water using oars

an organized arrangement of similar objects placed in a row or in multiple tiers

to put someone or something in a position in which they are vulnerable or are at risk

to observe and pay attention to something

completely different or opposed in basic qualities or usual behaviors

the image or idea that is formed based on how one understands something

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

to officially register oneself or someone else as a participant in a course, school, etc.

to take something or someone's position or place, particularly due to being more effective or up-to-date