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Ciencias Naturales SAT - Geología

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés relacionadas con la geología, como "temblor", "sedimento", "cantera", etc., que necesitarás para aprobar tus SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
geologist
geologist
[Sustantivo]

a scientist who studies the Earth's structure, composition, processes, and history, including rocks, minerals, fossils, and geological phenomena

geólogo, científico especializado en geología

geólogo, científico especializado en geología

Ex: A career as a geologist often involves fieldwork in remote and challenging environments. 

Una carrera como geólogo a menudo implica trabajo de campo en entornos remotos y desafiantes.

seismologist
seismologist
[Sustantivo]

a scientist who specializes in the study of earthquakes and seismic waves, investigating their causes, effects, and patterns

sismólogo, sismóloga

sismólogo, sismóloga

Ex: Research by seismologists helps improve building codes to withstand earthquakes. 

La investigación de los sismólogos ayuda a mejorar los códigos de construcción para resistir terremotos.

epicenter
epicenter
[Sustantivo]

the point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus of an earthquake where its effects are felt most strongly

epicentro

epicentro

Ex: Scientists determined the epicenter of the aftershock to be a few miles from the original quake, further complicating recovery efforts. 

Los científicos determinaron que el epicentro de la réplica estaba a pocas millas del terremoto original, lo que complicó aún más los esfuerzos de recuperación.

temblor
temblor
[Sustantivo]

an earthquake caused by underground movement or volcanic activity

terremoto, sismo

terremoto, sismo

Ex: Residents were startled by the temblor, prompting them to review emergency preparedness plans. 

Los residentes se sorprendieron por el temblor, lo que los llevó a revisar los planes de preparación para emergencias.

tremor
tremor
[Sustantivo]

a small or slight earthquake

temblor

temblor

volcanology
volcanology
[Sustantivo]

a branch of geology that focuses on the study of volcanoes, volcanic activity, and related phenomena

vulcanología, estudio de los volcanes

vulcanología, estudio de los volcanes

Ex: Volcanology examines how volcanoes form and erupt. 

La vulcanología examina cómo se forman y entran en erupción los volcanes.

eruption
eruption
[Sustantivo]

the sudden outburst of lava and steam from a volcanic mountain

erupción

erupción

Ex: The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD buried the city of Pompeii under ash. 

La erupción del Monte Vesubio en el año 79 d.C. enterró la ciudad de Pompeya bajo cenizas.

shield volcano
shield volcano
[Sustantivo]

a type of broad, gently sloping volcano formed by the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava

volcán en escudo, volcán escudo

volcán en escudo, volcán escudo

caldera
caldera
[Sustantivo]

a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption

caldera, cráter volcánico

caldera, cráter volcánico

Ex: The Tambora Caldera in Indonesia is associated with the powerful eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815. 

La caldera de Tambora en Indonesia está asociada con la poderosa erupción del Monte Tambora en 1815.

magma
magma
[Sustantivo]

liquid or semi-liquid rock that exists under the earth's surface with an extremely hot temperature

magma, roca fundida

magma, roca fundida

Ex: The magma chamber beneath Yellowstone National Park is vast and superheated. 

La cámara de magma debajo del Parque Nacional Yellowstone es vasta y sobrecalentada.

sediment
sediment
[Sustantivo]

particles of rock, minerals, or organic materials that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, and deposited in layers on the Earth's surface

sedimento, depósito

sedimento, depósito

outcrop
outcrop
[Sustantivo]

a visible exposure of rock or geological strata at the Earth's surface, often occurring on hillsides, cliffs, or other elevated areas, providing insight into the underlying geological structure

afloramiento, afloramiento rocoso

afloramiento, afloramiento rocoso

Ex: The outcrop on the canyon wall displayed a striking array of colors, indicating different mineral content in the rock layers. 

El afloramiento en la pared del cañón mostraba una sorprendente gama de colores, lo que indicaba un contenido mineral diferente en las capas de roca.

geothermal
geothermal
[Adjetivo]

connected with or produced by the heat inside the earth

geotérmico

geotérmico

Ex: Geothermal heating systems use the natural warmth of the Earth to heat buildings in colder climates. 

Los sistemas de calefacción geotérmica utilizan el calor natural de la Tierra para calentar edificios en climas fríos.

basin
basin
[Sustantivo]

a large, bowl-shaped depression or low-lying area on the Earth's surface, typically surrounded by higher landforms and often filled with sedimentary deposits

cuenca, depresión

cuenca, depresión

Ex: Oil and gas exploration often targets sedimentary basins where hydrocarbons are trapped beneath layers of rock. 

La exploración de petróleo y gas a menudo se dirige a las cuencas sedimentarias donde los hidrocarburos están atrapados debajo de capas de roca.

continental crust
continental crust
[Sustantivo]

the thick, buoyant part of the Earth's crust that forms the continents, composed mainly of granitic rocks and less dense than oceanic crust

corteza continental, capa continental

corteza continental, capa continental

paleocontinent
paleocontinent
[Sustantivo]

a landmass that existed in the geological past

paleocontinente, continente antiguo

paleocontinente, continente antiguo

subduction
subduction
[Sustantivo]

a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle

subducción, hundimiento

subducción, hundimiento

Ex: Subduction zones are often associated with deep ocean trenches, such as the Peru-Chile Trench along the western coast of South America. 

Las zonas de subducción a menudo están asociadas con fosas oceánicas profundas, como la fosa Perú-Chile a lo largo de la costa occidental de América del Sur.

mantle
mantle
[Sustantivo]

the region of the Earth's interior, lying beneath the crust and extending to the outer core, composed of solid rock that can deform and flow over geological time scales

manto, el manto terrestre

manto, el manto terrestre

Ex: The mantle's convection currents are responsible for driving tectonic plate movements. 

Las corrientes de convección del manto son responsables del movimiento de las placas tectónicas.

quarry
quarry
[Sustantivo]

a site where large quantities of rock, stone, or minerals are extracted from the Earth's crust for industrial use or construction purposes

cantera, yacimiento

cantera, yacimiento

Ex: Quarrying operations involve heavy machinery and explosives to extract materials from the bedrock. 

Las operaciones de cantera implican maquinaria pesada y explosivos para extraer materiales del lecho rocoso.

fault
fault
[Sustantivo]

a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock, along which there has been significant displacement due to tectonic forces

falla, fractura

falla, fractura

Ex: Faults can range in size from small fractures to major tectonic boundaries. 

Las fallas pueden variar en tamaño, desde pequeñas fracturas hasta los principales límites tectónicos.

bedrock
bedrock
[Sustantivo]

solid rock beneath surface materials, forming the Earth's crust foundation

roca madre, sustrato rocoso

roca madre, sustrato rocoso

Ex: The river's erosion exposed the underlying bedrock, creating a scenic landscape of cliffs and rock formations. 

La erosión del río expuso el lecho rocoso subyacente, creando un paisaje escénico de acantilados y formaciones rocosas.

shale
shale
[Sustantivo]

a type of fine-grained sedimentary rock made from compacted clay or mud particles, known for its ability to split into thin layers

esquisto, pizarra

esquisto, pizarra

Ex: Engineers used shale as a base material for road construction due to its stability. 

Los ingenieros utilizaron esquisto como material base para la construcción de carreteras debido a su estabilidad.

basalt
basalt
[Sustantivo]

a type of dark, fine-grained igneous rock formed from cooled lava, characterized by its dense composition and typically dark gray to black color

basalto

basalto

Ex: The cliffs were made of basalt, giving them a dark appearance. 

Los acantilados estaban hechos de basalto, lo que les daba una apariencia oscura.

index fossil
index fossil
[Sustantivo]

a fossilized organism that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found, typically indicative of a particular time period in Earth's geological history

fósil índice, fósil guía

fósil índice, fósil guía

Ex: The presence of ammonite shells in a layer serves as an index fossil for the Jurassic period. 

La presencia de conchas de amonitas en una capa sirve como fósil índice para el período Jurásico.

intrusion
intrusion
[Sustantivo]

(geology) the injection of magma into existing rock formations underground

intrusión, inyección magmática

intrusión, inyección magmática

Ex: Intrusions often exhibit distinct mineral compositions. 

Las intrusiones a menudo exhiben composiciones minerales distintas.

radiometric dating
radiometric dating
[Sustantivo]

a method used to determine the age of rocks and minerals by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes present in them

datación radiométrica, datación por isótopos radiactivos

datación radiométrica, datación por isótopos radiactivos

igneous
igneous
[Adjetivo]

(of rock) formed from cooled magma or lava

ígneo, volcánico

ígneo, volcánico

Ex: Geologists study igneous structures to understand Earth's geological history. 

Los geólogos estudian las estructuras ígneas para comprender la historia geológica de la Tierra.

metamorphic
metamorphic
[Adjetivo]

related to rocks transformed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes, altering their mineral composition and texture

metamórfico, de metamorfismo

metamórfico, de metamorfismo

Ex: The Appalachian Mountains contain extensive metamorphic rock formations. 

Las montañas de los Apalaches contienen extensas formaciones de rocas metamórficas.

tectonic
tectonic
[Adjetivo]

relating to the movement and arrangement of the Earth's crust

tectónico

tectónico

Ex: Tectonic forces cause the Earth's crust to uplift, creating mountain ranges. 

Las fuerzas tectónicas hacen que la corteza terrestre se eleve, creando cordilleras.

to smelt
to smelt
[Verbo]

to extract metal from its ore by heating and melting it in a furnace

fundir

fundir

Ex: The metallurgists are currently smelting aluminum in the factory. 

Los metalúrgicos están actualmente fundiendo aluminio en la fábrica.

slag
slag
[Sustantivo]

the byproduct of smelting ore that forms a glass-like material, often found as a residue in mining and metalworking activities

escoria, residuo de fundición

escoria, residuo de fundición

Ex: As we explored deeper into the cave, we encountered walls coated with shiny slag, evidence of past mineral extraction. 

A medida que explorábamos más profundamente en la cueva, encontramos paredes cubiertas de escoria brillante, evidencia de una extracción de minerales pasada.

mesozoic
mesozoic
[Sustantivo]

the period of time from about 252 to 66 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs and the gradual breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea

mesozoico, era secundaria

mesozoico, era secundaria

Ex: Paleontologists continue to discover new species of dinosaurs that roamed the Earth during the Mesozoic. 

Los paleontólogos continúan descubriendo nuevas especies de dinosaurios que habitaron la Tierra durante el Mesozoico.

granite
granite
[Sustantivo]

a durable and visually appealing natural rock used for countertops, flooring, and other architectural applications

granito, piedra de granito

granito, piedra de granito

quartzite
quartzite
[Sustantivo]

a tough type of rock that starts as sandstone but changes under intense heat and pressure underground, becoming very hard and durable

cuarcita, un tipo de roca resistente que comienza como arenisca pero cambia bajo calor y presión intensos bajo tierra

cuarcita, un tipo de roca resistente que comienza como arenisca pero cambia bajo calor y presión intensos bajo tierra

Ex: Geologists studied the ancient quartzite formations to understand the geological history of the region. 

Los geólogos estudiaron las antiguas formaciones de cuarcita para comprender la historia geológica de la región.

argillite
argillite
[Sustantivo]

a type of rock formed from clay minerals that have been compressed and hardened over time, creating a dense and often smooth-textured material

argilita, roca arcillosa

argilita, roca arcillosa

Ex: The coastal cliffs were composed of layers of argillite, revealing striations of different shades of grey. 

Los acantilados costeros estaban compuestos de capas de argilita, revelando estrías de diferentes tonos de gris.

olivine
olivine
[Sustantivo]

a mineral with a greenish hue, commonly found in igneous rocks like basalt and peridotite, known for its high magnesium and iron content

olivino, peridoto

olivino, peridoto

Ex: Researchers analyzed the composition of the meteorite, noting the presence of olivine as a significant component. 

Los investigadores analizaron la composición del meteorito, señalando la presencia de olivino como un componente significativo.

limestone
limestone
[Sustantivo]

a hard gray or white rock that contains calcium and is used for making cement or as a building material

caliza, piedra caliza

caliza, piedra caliza

pyroxene
pyroxene
[Sustantivo]

a group of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, typically dark in color and composed of silica, magnesium, and iron

piroxeno, un grupo de minerales que se encuentran en rocas ígneas y metamórficas

piroxeno, un grupo de minerales que se encuentran en rocas ígneas y metamórficas

Ex: Researchers studied the chemical composition of pyroxene to understand its role in the formation of volcanic eruptions. 

Los investigadores estudiaron la composición química del piroxeno para entender su papel en la formación de erupciones volcánicas.

kaolinite
kaolinite
[Sustantivo]

a soft, white clay mineral formed from the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks, used widely in ceramics, paper production, and as a filler in some medications

caolinita, arcilla caolinítica

caolinita, arcilla caolinítica

Ex: Geologists identified kaolinite deposits in the riverbed, evidence of long-term erosion and sedimentation processes. 

Los geólogos identificaron depósitos de caolinita en el lecho del río, evidencia de procesos de erosión y sedimentación a largo plazo.

feldspar
feldspar
[Sustantivo]

a group of minerals that are the most abundant components in the Earth's crust, known for their hardness and varied colors, often used in ceramics and glassmaking

feldespato, feldespato

feldespato, feldespato

Ex: Geologists identified veins of feldspar running through the granite, contributing to its distinctive speckled appearance. 

Los geólogos identificaron vetas de feldespato que atraviesan el granito, contribuyendo a su apariencia moteada distintiva.

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