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SAT Natural Sciences - Geology

Here you will learn some English words related to geology, such as "temblor", "sediment", "quarry", etc. that you will need to ace your SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
geologist
[noun]

a scientist who studies the Earth's structure, composition, processes, and history, including rocks, minerals, fossils, and geological phenomena

Ex: geologist's research focuses on climate change impacts recorded in geological records .
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a scientist who specializes in the study of earthquakes and seismic waves, investigating their causes, effects, and patterns

Ex: seismologist's expertise is crucial in mitigating earthquake-related hazards and protecting communities .
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epicenter
[noun]

the point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus of an earthquake where its effects are felt most strongly

Ex: During the pandemic , the city became epicenter of the outbreak , with hospitals struggling to manage the influx of patients .
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temblor
[noun]

an earthquake caused by underground movement or volcanic activity

Ex: The school conducted earthquake drills to ensure students knew what to do in the event of temblor.
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tremor
[noun]

a small or slight earthquake

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a branch of geology that focuses on the study of volcanoes, volcanic activity, and related phenomena

Ex: Volcanology helps predict volcanic eruptions and their impacts .
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eruption
[noun]

the sudden outburst of lava and steam from a volcanic mountain

Ex: eruption was so powerful that it was heard hundreds of miles away .
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a type of broad, gently sloping volcano formed by the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava

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caldera
[noun]

a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption

Ex: The Aira Caldera in Japan contains the active Sakurajima volcano and forms Kagoshima Bay.
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magma
[noun]

liquid or semi-liquid rock that exists under the earth's surface with an extremely hot temperature

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sediment
[noun]

particles of rock, minerals, or organic materials that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, and deposited in layers on the Earth's surface

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outcrop
[noun]

a visible exposure of rock or geological strata at the Earth's surface, often occurring on hillsides, cliffs, or other elevated areas, providing insight into the underlying geological structure

Ex: Fossils embedded in outcrop offered a glimpse into the prehistoric life that once inhabited the region .
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geothermal
[Adjective]

connected with or produced by the heat inside the earth

Ex: Geothermal hotspots , like Iceland and New Zealand , are areas where the Earth 's heat is particularly accessible .
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basin
[noun]

a large, bowl-shaped depression or low-lying area on the Earth's surface, typically surrounded by higher landforms and often filled with sedimentary deposits

Ex: Geologists basin formation to understand past climate changes and tectonic processes .
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the thick, buoyant part of the Earth's crust that forms the continents, composed mainly of granitic rocks and less dense than oceanic crust

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a landmass that existed in the geological past

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a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle

Ex: The Ring of Fire is a prominent zone of subduction-related volcanic and seismic activity encircling the Pacific Ocean basin.
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mantle
[noun]

the region of the Earth's interior, lying beneath the crust and extending to the outer core, composed of solid rock that can deform and flow over geological time scales

Ex: Rocks in the upper mantle exhibit properties that allow them to undergo plastic deformation over long periods.
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quarry
[noun]

a site where large quantities of rock, stone, or minerals are extracted from the Earth's crust for industrial use or construction purposes

Ex: Quarries may expose geological features that provide valuable insights into the Earth 's history .
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fault
[noun]

a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock, along which there has been significant displacement due to tectonic forces

Ex: Faults can range in size from small fractures to major tectonic boundaries .
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bedrock
[noun]

solid rock beneath surface materials, forming the Earth's crust foundation

Ex: Fossils embedded in bedrock provided valuable information about ancient ecosystems and environmental conditions .
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shale
[noun]

a type of fine-grained sedimentary rock made from compacted clay or mud particles, known for its ability to split into thin layers

Ex: Geologists study the composition and structure shale to understand Earth 's geological history .
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basalt
[noun]

a type of dark, fine-grained igneous rock formed from cooled lava, characterized by its dense composition and typically dark gray to black color

Ex: Geologists basalt to learn about volcanic activity .
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a fossilized organism that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found, typically indicative of a particular time period in Earth's geological history

Ex: index fossils aids in understanding evolutionary patterns and ancient ecosystems .
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intrusion
[noun]

(geology) the injection of magma into existing rock formations underground

Ex: Intrusions can deform existing rock formations .
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a method used to determine the age of rocks and minerals by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes present in them

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igneous
[Adjective]

(of rock) formed from cooled magma or lava

Ex: The volcano erupted , spewing out molten lava that eventually igneous formations .
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metamorphic
[Adjective]

related to rocks transformed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes, altering their mineral composition and texture

Ex: Geologists study metamorphic rocks to understand Earth's history.
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tectonic
[Adjective]

relating to the movement and arrangement of the Earth's crust

Ex: Tectonic movements can lead to the formation of mineral deposits and geological formations.
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to smelt
[Verb]

to extract metal from its ore by heating and melting it in a furnace

Ex: Tomorrow , the miners smelt silver ore to extract the precious metal .
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slag
[noun]

the byproduct of smelting ore that forms a glass-like material, often found as a residue in mining and metalworking activities

Ex: The environmental impact assessment noted the presence slag deposits near the river , highlighting potential pollution concerns .
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mesozoic
[noun]

the period of time from about 252 to 66 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs and the gradual breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea

Ex: Researchers study the climate patterns of the Mesozoic to understand past greenhouse effects and their impact on biodiversity.
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granite
[noun]

a durable and visually appealing natural rock used for countertops, flooring, and other architectural applications

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quartzite
[noun]

a tough type of rock that starts as sandstone but changes under intense heat and pressure underground, becoming very hard and durable

Ex: The sculptor quartzite for its hardness and intricate grain pattern , creating stunning artworks from the stone .
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argillite
[noun]

a type of rock formed from clay minerals that have been compressed and hardened over time, creating a dense and often smooth-textured material

Ex: Geologists studied the geological formations of argillite to understand the ancient climates of the region.
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olivine
[noun]

a mineral with a greenish hue, commonly found in igneous rocks like basalt and peridotite, known for its high magnesium and iron content

Ex: Researchers analyzed the chemical composition olivine to understand its role in the formation of igneous rocks .
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limestone
[noun]

a hard gray or white rock that contains calcium and is used for making cement or as a building material

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pyroxene
[noun]

a group of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, typically dark in color and composed of silica, magnesium, and iron

Ex: The museum displayed a large specimen pyroxene, showcasing its distinctive crystal structure and dark color .
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kaolinite
[noun]

a soft, white clay mineral formed from the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks, used widely in ceramics, paper production, and as a filler in some medications

Ex: Environmental scientists studied the interaction kaolinite with pollutants in soil , exploring its potential role in remediation strategies .
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feldspar
[noun]

a group of minerals that are the most abundant components in the Earth's crust, known for their hardness and varied colors, often used in ceramics and glassmaking

Ex: Miners feldspar from the quarry for use in industries ranging from abrasives to ceramics .
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