علوم طبیعی SAT - Geology

a scientist who studies the Earth's structure, composition, processes, and history, including rocks, minerals, fossils, and geological phenomena

زمین‌شناس

a scientist who specializes in the study of earthquakes and seismic waves, investigating their causes, effects, and patterns

زلزله‌شناس

the point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus of an earthquake where its effects are felt most strongly

کانون زمین‌لرزه, مرکز زلزله

an earthquake caused by underground movement or volcanic activity

زلزله

a small or slight earthquake

زمین‌لرزه خفیف

a branch of geology that focuses on the study of volcanoes, volcanic activity, and related phenomena

آتشفشان‌شناسی

the sudden outburst of lava and steam from a volcanic mountain

فوران آتشفشانی

a type of broad, gently sloping volcano formed by the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava

آتشفشان سپری, آتشفشان نوع سپر

a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption

کاسه آتش‌فشانی, کالدرا

liquid or semi-liquid rock that exists under the earth's surface with an extremely hot temperature

ماگما

particles of rock, minerals, or organic materials that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, and deposited in layers on the Earth's surface

رسوب, لایه رسوبی

a visible exposure of rock or geological strata at the Earth's surface, often occurring on hillsides, cliffs, or other elevated areas, providing insight into the underlying geological structure

آشکارسازی, بروز

connected with or produced by the heat inside the earth

زمین‌گرمایی, ژئوترمال

a large, bowl-shaped depression or low-lying area on the Earth's surface, typically surrounded by higher landforms and often filled with sedimentary deposits

حوضه, دشت

the thick, buoyant part of the Earth's crust that forms the continents, composed mainly of granitic rocks and less dense than oceanic crust

قاره‌ای پوسته, پوسته قاره‌ای

a landmass that existed in the geological past

پالئوکنتیننت, قاره‌ی کهن

a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle

فرورانش

the region of the Earth's interior, lying beneath the crust and extending to the outer core, composed of solid rock that can deform and flow over geological time scales

مخروط

a site where large quantities of rock, stone, or minerals are extracted from the Earth's crust for industrial use or construction purposes

معدن سنگ, محل استخراج

a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock, along which there has been significant displacement due to tectonic forces

گسل, منطقه شکستگی

solid rock beneath surface materials, forming the Earth's crust foundation

سنگ بستر, سنگ بنیادی

a type of fine-grained sedimentary rock made from compacted clay or mud particles, known for its ability to split into thin layers

شیل

a type of dark, fine-grained igneous rock formed from cooled lava, characterized by its dense composition and typically dark gray to black color

بازالت

a fossilized organism that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found, typically indicative of a particular time period in Earth's geological history

فossil شاخص, فossil راهنما

(geology) the injection of magma into existing rock formations underground

نفوذ گدازه

a method used to determine the age of rocks and minerals by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes present in them

تاریخ‌گذاری با استفاده از پرتوزایی, روش تاریخ‌گذاری رادیوایزوتوپی

(of rock) formed from cooled magma or lava

آذرین (سنگ)

related to rocks transformed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes, altering their mineral composition and texture

متامورفیک, مربوط به دگرگونی

relating to the movement and arrangement of the Earth's crust

زمین‌ساخت, تکتونیک

to extract metal from its ore by heating and melting it in a furnace

گداختن (فلزات)

the byproduct of smelting ore that forms a glass-like material, often found as a residue in mining and metalworking activities

کف, خاک堡

the period of time from about 252 to 66 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs and the gradual breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea

مزوزوئیک

a durable and visually appealing natural rock used for countertops, flooring, and other architectural applications

*گرانیت

a tough type of rock that starts as sandstone but changes under intense heat and pressure underground, becoming very hard and durable

کوارتزیت

a type of rock formed from clay minerals that have been compressed and hardened over time, creating a dense and often smooth-textured material

آرژیلایت

a mineral with a greenish hue, commonly found in igneous rocks like basalt and peridotite, known for its high magnesium and iron content

اولیوین, معدن اولیوین

a hard gray or white rock that contains calcium and is used for making cement or as a building material

سنگ آهک

a group of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, typically dark in color and composed of silica, magnesium, and iron

پیرکسین

a soft, white clay mineral formed from the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks, used widely in ceramics, paper production, and as a filler in some medications

کائولین

a group of minerals that are the most abundant components in the Earth's crust, known for their hardness and varied colors, often used in ceramics and glassmaking

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