زبان‌شناسی - ریشه شناسی و زبان شناسی تاریخی

the earliest known form of a word or a morpheme from which related words in different languages are derived

ریشه, نخستین شکل

(linguistics) a loan word or expression that is a word-by-word translation of a word or expression in another language

گرته‌برداری, وامگیری زبانی

a word or phrase borrowed from one language and incorporated into another language, typically with some modifications to fit the phonological, morphological, or semantic patterns of the borrowing language

واژهٔ قرضی, واژهٔ امانت‌دار

the process by which words or phrases are adopted from one language into another, often due to cultural contact, trade, or historical influences, resulting in the integration of foreign elements into the borrowing language

وام‌گیری, اقتراض

the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

منشأ, منبع

a word that shares a common origin with another word in a different language, usually demonstrating similarities in form and meaning due to their common ancestral language

کلمه هم‌ریشه, واژه هم‌ریشه

the incorrect or mistaken explanation of the origin and development of a word or phrase based on popular belief or folk etymological reasoning

شبه‌اُصُول نادرست, ریشه‌شناسی نادرست

the process by which the form or meaning of a word is modified or reinterpreted based on the similarity or familiarity of its components to other words or familiar patterns, often resulting in a new, popular, but etymologically incorrect explanation

اتیمولوژی مردمی, اتیمولوژی عامه

a process in language change where irregularities in the inflectional or derivational morphology of words are simplified or regularized over time

همسطح سازی مورفولوژیکی, قاعده‌مند سازی مورفولوژی

the process by which the complexity or number of morphological elements in a word or word form is reduced over time

فرسایش مورفولوژیک, کاهش مورفولوژی

the gradual simplification or loss of certain sounds or phonetic features within a language over time

فرسایش آوایی, ساده‌سازی آوایی

the process whereby the original meaning or intensity of a word or expression becomes progressively weakened or diluted over time, resulting in a broader, less specific, or less potent semantic range

فرسایش معنایی, تضعیف معنایی

the process by which a word or morpheme loses its original grammatical category and acquires a more independent, lexical function

به کدگذاری زدایی, غیر دسته‌بندی

the natural and ongoing process by which languages evolve and transform over time

*دگرگونی زبانی

the process of modification and evolution in the vocabulary of a language over time

تغییر واژگانی, تکامل واژگانی

a method used in historical linguistics to infer and reconstruct the linguistic forms and features of an earlier stage of a language based on evidence from its present-day descendants

بازسازی داخلی, تعمیرات داخلی

the interaction of speakers from different linguistic backgrounds, leading to the exchange and influence of linguistic features between languages

تماس زبانی, تأثیر متقابل زبانی

a process in language change whereby words or lexical items evolve over time to become grammatical markers or functional elements, often losing their original lexical meaning and acquiring grammatical or structural functions

*دستوری‌شدگی

a fundamental principle in historical linguistics that describes the systematic sound changes observed in the transition from Proto-Indo-European to Germanic languages, including the transformation of certain consonant sounds

*قانون گریم

a language that has lower prestige or social power in a contact situation and influences another language with which it comes into contact, leaving a significant impact on its linguistic features, vocabulary, and structure

زبان زیرساختی, زبان زیر

the phenomenon in which the meaning of a word or expression changes over time, resulting in a different interpretation or connotation from its original usage

تغییر معنایی, تحول معنایی

the study and examination of language change and evolution over time, focusing on the historical development of linguistic features, structures, and patterns in a language or language family

تحلیل دیامرنی, بررسی دیامورنی

the examination and study of a language at a specific point in time, emphasizing its existing linguistic features, structures, and patterns without considering their historical development or changes over time

تجزیه و تحلیل سنکرون, مطالعه سنکرون

a linguistic approach that compares related languages to uncover their shared ancestral forms and relationships

روش مقایسه‌ای, روش تطبیقی

a standardized set of basic vocabulary words used in comparative linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, typically consisting of around 200 to 300 words that are considered to be less subject to borrowing or change over time

*فهرست سوادش

the process of creating new words over time through linguistic changes and transformations

اشتقاق

a classification of Indo-European languages in which the palatal or velar stops of the Proto-Indo-European language merged with the plain stops, resulting in a lack of a phonemic distinction between them

*زبان سنتوم

a type of Indo-European language in which the original palatal or velar consonants evolved into fricatives or affricates, distinguishing it from centum languages that preserved these consonants as stops

*زبان ساتم

the phenomenon in which an irregular form of a word, often a verb or adjective, is used instead of a regular form to express a different grammatical feature

تکمیل

a process in language change where the meaning of a word becomes more specific or limited over time, often referring to a narrower subset of the original meaning

تنگی معنایی, کاهش معنایی

changes that occur within a language over time without the influence of external factors

تغییرات داخلی زبان, تکامل درونی زبان

a group of languages that are genetically related and share common features, indicating a common origin or ancestry

خوشه زبانی, خانواده زبانی