Lingvistika - Etymologie a historická lingvistika

the earliest known form of a word or a morpheme from which related words in different languages are derived

etymon, kořen

(linguistics) a loan word or expression that is a word-by-word translation of a word or expression in another language

kalka

a word or phrase borrowed from one language and incorporated into another language, typically with some modifications to fit the phonological, morphological, or semantic patterns of the borrowing language

půjčené slovo, zapůjčené slovo

the process by which words or phrases are adopted from one language into another, often due to cultural contact, trade, or historical influences, resulting in the integration of foreign elements into the borrowing language

výpůjčka, jazyková výpůjčka

the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

původ, zdroj

a word that shares a common origin with another word in a different language, usually demonstrating similarities in form and meaning due to their common ancestral language

příbuzné slovo, cognát

the incorrect or mistaken explanation of the origin and development of a word or phrase based on popular belief or folk etymological reasoning

falešná etymologie, chybné etymologické vysvětlení

the process by which the form or meaning of a word is modified or reinterpreted based on the similarity or familiarity of its components to other words or familiar patterns, often resulting in a new, popular, but etymologically incorrect explanation

lidová etymologie, folklorní etymologie

a process in language change where irregularities in the inflectional or derivational morphology of words are simplified or regularized over time

morfologické nivelování, regulace morfologie

the process by which the complexity or number of morphological elements in a word or word form is reduced over time

morfologická eroze, snížení morfologických prvků

the gradual simplification or loss of certain sounds or phonetic features within a language over time

fonetická eroze, fonetické zjednodušení

the process whereby the original meaning or intensity of a word or expression becomes progressively weakened or diluted over time, resulting in a broader, less specific, or less potent semantic range

sémantická eroze, oslabení významu

the process by which a word or morpheme loses its original grammatical category and acquires a more independent, lexical function

de-kategorizace, deklasifikace

the natural and ongoing process by which languages evolve and transform over time

změna jazyka, jazyková evoluce

the process of modification and evolution in the vocabulary of a language over time

lexikální změna, lexikální evoluce

a method used in historical linguistics to infer and reconstruct the linguistic forms and features of an earlier stage of a language based on evidence from its present-day descendants

vnitřní rekonstrukce, vnitřní obnova

the interaction of speakers from different linguistic backgrounds, leading to the exchange and influence of linguistic features between languages

jazykový kontakt, kontakt mezi jazyky

a process in language change whereby words or lexical items evolve over time to become grammatical markers or functional elements, often losing their original lexical meaning and acquiring grammatical or structural functions

gramatikalizace, gramatikalizace

a fundamental principle in historical linguistics that describes the systematic sound changes observed in the transition from Proto-Indo-European to Germanic languages, including the transformation of certain consonant sounds

Grimmův zákon, Grimmův princip

a language that has lower prestige or social power in a contact situation and influences another language with which it comes into contact, leaving a significant impact on its linguistic features, vocabulary, and structure

substrátní jazyk, jazyk substrátu

the phenomenon in which the meaning of a word or expression changes over time, resulting in a different interpretation or connotation from its original usage

semantický posun, změna významu

the study and examination of language change and evolution over time, focusing on the historical development of linguistic features, structures, and patterns in a language or language family

diachronní analýza, diachronní studie

the examination and study of a language at a specific point in time, emphasizing its existing linguistic features, structures, and patterns without considering their historical development or changes over time

synchronic analysis, synchronic study

a linguistic approach that compares related languages to uncover their shared ancestral forms and relationships

srovnávací metoda, komparativní metoda

a standardized set of basic vocabulary words used in comparative linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, typically consisting of around 200 to 300 words that are considered to be less subject to borrowing or change over time

Swadeshova lista, vokabulář Swadeshe

the process of creating new words over time through linguistic changes and transformations

derivace

a classification of Indo-European languages in which the palatal or velar stops of the Proto-Indo-European language merged with the plain stops, resulting in a lack of a phonemic distinction between them

centum jazyk, centumová jazyková skupina

a type of Indo-European language in which the original palatal or velar consonants evolved into fricatives or affricates, distinguishing it from centum languages that preserved these consonants as stops

satemová jazyk, satemová řeč

the phenomenon in which an irregular form of a word, often a verb or adjective, is used instead of a regular form to express a different grammatical feature

suplece, supplenta (v morfologii)

a process in language change where the meaning of a word becomes more specific or limited over time, often referring to a narrower subset of the original meaning

sémantické zúžení, sémantické zmenšení

changes that occur within a language over time without the influence of external factors

vnitřní jazyková změna, vnitřní evoluce jazyka

a group of languages that are genetically related and share common features, indicating a common origin or ancestry

jazykový klastr, jazyková rodina