the earliest known form of a word or a morpheme from which related words in different languages are derived

词源, 词根
(linguistics) a loan word or expression that is a word-by-word translation of a word or expression in another language

直译, 逐词翻译
a word or phrase borrowed from one language and incorporated into another language, typically with some modifications to fit the phonological, morphological, or semantic patterns of the borrowing language

外来词, 借词
the process by which words or phrases are adopted from one language into another, often due to cultural contact, trade, or historical influences, resulting in the integration of foreign elements into the borrowing language

借用, 借词
the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

起源, 源头
a word that shares a common origin with another word in a different language, usually demonstrating similarities in form and meaning due to their common ancestral language

同源词, 同根词
the incorrect or mistaken explanation of the origin and development of a word or phrase based on popular belief or folk etymological reasoning

错误词源, 假词源
the process by which the form or meaning of a word is modified or reinterpreted based on the similarity or familiarity of its components to other words or familiar patterns, often resulting in a new, popular, but etymologically incorrect explanation

民间词源, 民俗词源
a process in language change where irregularities in the inflectional or derivational morphology of words are simplified or regularized over time

形态化平衡, 形态水平化
the process by which the complexity or number of morphological elements in a word or word form is reduced over time

形态侵蚀, 形态减损
the gradual simplification or loss of certain sounds or phonetic features within a language over time

音韵侵蚀, 语音简化
the process whereby the original meaning or intensity of a word or expression becomes progressively weakened or diluted over time, resulting in a broader, less specific, or less potent semantic range

语义侵蚀, 语义削弱
the process by which a word or morpheme loses its original grammatical category and acquires a more independent, lexical function

去类别化, 非类别化
the natural and ongoing process by which languages evolve and transform over time

语言变化, 语言演变
the process of modification and evolution in the vocabulary of a language over time

词汇变化, 词汇演变
a method used in historical linguistics to infer and reconstruct the linguistic forms and features of an earlier stage of a language based on evidence from its present-day descendants

内部重构, 内部重建
the interaction of speakers from different linguistic backgrounds, leading to the exchange and influence of linguistic features between languages

语言接触, 语言交际
a process in language change whereby words or lexical items evolve over time to become grammatical markers or functional elements, often losing their original lexical meaning and acquiring grammatical or structural functions

语法化, 语法化过程
a language that has lower prestige or social power in a contact situation and influences another language with which it comes into contact, leaving a significant impact on its linguistic features, vocabulary, and structure

底层语言, 基础语言
the phenomenon in which the meaning of a word or expression changes over time, resulting in a different interpretation or connotation from its original usage

语义转换, 语义迁移
the study and examination of language change and evolution over time, focusing on the historical development of linguistic features, structures, and patterns in a language or language family

历时分析, 历时研究
the examination and study of a language at a specific point in time, emphasizing its existing linguistic features, structures, and patterns without considering their historical development or changes over time

共时分析, 同步分析
a linguistic approach that compares related languages to uncover their shared ancestral forms and relationships

比较方法, 对比法
a standardized set of basic vocabulary words used in comparative linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, typically consisting of around 200 to 300 words that are considered to be less subject to borrowing or change over time

斯瓦德什词表, Swadesh词表
the process of creating new words over time through linguistic changes and transformations

衍生, 派生
a classification of Indo-European languages in which the palatal or velar stops of the Proto-Indo-European language merged with the plain stops, resulting in a lack of a phonemic distinction between them

百语, 中心语言
a type of Indo-European language in which the original palatal or velar consonants evolved into fricatives or affricates, distinguishing it from centum languages that preserved these consonants as stops

撒特姆语言, 撒特姆类语言
the phenomenon in which an irregular form of a word, often a verb or adjective, is used instead of a regular form to express a different grammatical feature

补充形式, 补语替代
a process in language change where the meaning of a word becomes more specific or limited over time, often referring to a narrower subset of the original meaning

语义缩窄, 语义限制
changes that occur within a language over time without the influence of external factors

内部语言变化, 语言内部变化
a group of languages that are genetically related and share common features, indicating a common origin or ancestry

语言族群, 语言集群
