Językoznawstwo - Etymologia i językoznawstwo historyczne

the earliest known form of a word or a morpheme from which related words in different languages are derived

etymon, rdzeń

(linguistics) a loan word or expression that is a word-by-word translation of a word or expression in another language

kalka

a word or phrase borrowed from one language and incorporated into another language, typically with some modifications to fit the phonological, morphological, or semantic patterns of the borrowing language

zapożyczone słowo, słowo obcego pochodzenia

the process by which words or phrases are adopted from one language into another, often due to cultural contact, trade, or historical influences, resulting in the integration of foreign elements into the borrowing language

pożyczanie, zaprzeczenie

the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

pochodzenie, źródło

a word that shares a common origin with another word in a different language, usually demonstrating similarities in form and meaning due to their common ancestral language

słowo pokrewne, kognat

the incorrect or mistaken explanation of the origin and development of a word or phrase based on popular belief or folk etymological reasoning

fałszywa etymologia, błędna etymologia

the process by which the form or meaning of a word is modified or reinterpreted based on the similarity or familiarity of its components to other words or familiar patterns, often resulting in a new, popular, but etymologically incorrect explanation

etymologia ludowa, etymologia folklorystyczna

a process in language change where irregularities in the inflectional or derivational morphology of words are simplified or regularized over time

wypłaszczanie morfologiczne, regularyzacja morfologii

the process by which the complexity or number of morphological elements in a word or word form is reduced over time

erozja morfologiczna, redukcja morfologiczna

the gradual simplification or loss of certain sounds or phonetic features within a language over time

erozja fonetyczna, uproszczenie fonetyczne

the process whereby the original meaning or intensity of a word or expression becomes progressively weakened or diluted over time, resulting in a broader, less specific, or less potent semantic range

erozja semantyczna, osłabienie znaczenia

the process by which a word or morpheme loses its original grammatical category and acquires a more independent, lexical function

de-kategorizacja, deklasyfikacja

the natural and ongoing process by which languages evolve and transform over time

zmiana języka, ewolucja języka

the process of modification and evolution in the vocabulary of a language over time

zmiana leksykalna, ewolucja leksykalna

a method used in historical linguistics to infer and reconstruct the linguistic forms and features of an earlier stage of a language based on evidence from its present-day descendants

rekonstrukcja wewnętrzna, rehabilitacja wewnętrzna

the interaction of speakers from different linguistic backgrounds, leading to the exchange and influence of linguistic features between languages

kontakt językowy, interakcja językowa

a process in language change whereby words or lexical items evolve over time to become grammatical markers or functional elements, often losing their original lexical meaning and acquiring grammatical or structural functions

gramatykalizacja, gramatykalizowanie

a fundamental principle in historical linguistics that describes the systematic sound changes observed in the transition from Proto-Indo-European to Germanic languages, including the transformation of certain consonant sounds

prawo Grimma, zasada Grimma

a language that has lower prestige or social power in a contact situation and influences another language with which it comes into contact, leaving a significant impact on its linguistic features, vocabulary, and structure

język substratowy, język o niższym statusie

the phenomenon in which the meaning of a word or expression changes over time, resulting in a different interpretation or connotation from its original usage

zmiana semantyczna, przesunięcie semantyczne

the study and examination of language change and evolution over time, focusing on the historical development of linguistic features, structures, and patterns in a language or language family

analiza diachroniczna, badanie diachroniczne

the examination and study of a language at a specific point in time, emphasizing its existing linguistic features, structures, and patterns without considering their historical development or changes over time

analiza synchroniczna, badanie synchroniczne

a linguistic approach that compares related languages to uncover their shared ancestral forms and relationships

metoda porównawcza, metoda komparatywna

a standardized set of basic vocabulary words used in comparative linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, typically consisting of around 200 to 300 words that are considered to be less subject to borrowing or change over time

lista Swadesha, słownictwo Swadesha

the process of creating new words over time through linguistic changes and transformations

derywacja

a classification of Indo-European languages in which the palatal or velar stops of the Proto-Indo-European language merged with the plain stops, resulting in a lack of a phonemic distinction between them

język centum, rodzina języków centum

a type of Indo-European language in which the original palatal or velar consonants evolved into fricatives or affricates, distinguishing it from centum languages that preserved these consonants as stops

język satem, język satemowy

the phenomenon in which an irregular form of a word, often a verb or adjective, is used instead of a regular form to express a different grammatical feature

suplecja, suplecja (w morfologii)

a process in language change where the meaning of a word becomes more specific or limited over time, often referring to a narrower subset of the original meaning

zwężenie semantyczne, ograniczenie semantyczne

changes that occur within a language over time without the influence of external factors

wewnętrzna zmiana językowa, wewnętrzna ewolucja języka

a group of languages that are genetically related and share common features, indicating a common origin or ancestry

klaster językowy, rodzina językowa