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言語学 - 語源学と歴史言語学

ここでは「外来語」「派生語」「語源」など、語源・歴史言語学に関係する英単語を学びます。

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Words Related to Linguistics
etymon

the earliest known form of a word or a morpheme from which related words in different languages are derived

語源, 語根

語源, 語根

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[名詞]
calque

(linguistics) a loan word or expression that is a word-by-word translation of a word or expression in another language

カルク

カルク

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[名詞]
loanword

a word or phrase borrowed from one language and incorporated into another language, typically with some modifications to fit the phonological, morphological, or semantic patterns of the borrowing language

借用語, 外来語

借用語, 外来語

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[名詞]
borrowing

the process by which words or phrases are adopted from one language into another, often due to cultural contact, trade, or historical influences, resulting in the integration of foreign elements into the borrowing language

借用, 言葉の借用

借用, 言葉の借用

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[名詞]
origin

the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

起源, 源

起源, 源

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[名詞]
cognate word

a word that shares a common origin with another word in a different language, usually demonstrating similarities in form and meaning due to their common ancestral language

語源的な単語, コグネート

語源的な単語, コグネート

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[名詞]
false etymology

the incorrect or mistaken explanation of the origin and development of a word or phrase based on popular belief or folk etymological reasoning

誤った語源, 偽の語源

誤った語源, 偽の語源

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[名詞]
folk etymology

the process by which the form or meaning of a word is modified or reinterpreted based on the similarity or familiarity of its components to other words or familiar patterns, often resulting in a new, popular, but etymologically incorrect explanation

民衆の語源, フォークエティモロジー

民衆の語源, フォークエティモロジー

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[名詞]
morphological leveling

a process in language change where irregularities in the inflectional or derivational morphology of words are simplified or regularized over time

形態的レベリング, 形態的規則化

形態的レベリング, 形態的規則化

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[名詞]
morphological erosion

the process by which the complexity or number of morphological elements in a word or word form is reduced over time

形態的侵食, 形態の減少

形態的侵食, 形態の減少

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[名詞]
phonetic erosion

the gradual simplification or loss of certain sounds or phonetic features within a language over time

音声の侵食, 音声の単純化

音声の侵食, 音声の単純化

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[名詞]
semantic erosion

the process whereby the original meaning or intensity of a word or expression becomes progressively weakened or diluted over time, resulting in a broader, less specific, or less potent semantic range

意味の侵食, 意味の弱体化

意味の侵食, 意味の弱体化

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[名詞]
de-categorialization

the process by which a word or morpheme loses its original grammatical category and acquires a more independent, lexical function

デカテゴライズ化, デクラシフィケーション

デカテゴライズ化, デクラシフィケーション

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[名詞]
language change

the natural and ongoing process by which languages evolve and transform over time

言語の変化, 言語進化

言語の変化, 言語進化

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[名詞]
lexical change

the process of modification and evolution in the vocabulary of a language over time

語彙の変化, 語彙の進化

語彙の変化, 語彙の進化

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[名詞]
internal reconstruction

a method used in historical linguistics to infer and reconstruct the linguistic forms and features of an earlier stage of a language based on evidence from its present-day descendants

内部再構築, 内部修復

内部再構築, 内部修復

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[名詞]
language contact

the interaction of speakers from different linguistic backgrounds, leading to the exchange and influence of linguistic features between languages

言語接触, 言語の相互作用

言語接触, 言語の相互作用

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[名詞]
grammaticalization

a process in language change whereby words or lexical items evolve over time to become grammatical markers or functional elements, often losing their original lexical meaning and acquiring grammatical or structural functions

文法化, グラマティカリゼーション

文法化, グラマティカリゼーション

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[名詞]
substrate language

a language that has lower prestige or social power in a contact situation and influences another language with which it comes into contact, leaving a significant impact on its linguistic features, vocabulary, and structure

基盤言語, サブストレート言語

基盤言語, サブストレート言語

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[名詞]
semantic shift

the phenomenon in which the meaning of a word or expression changes over time, resulting in a different interpretation or connotation from its original usage

意味の変化, セマンティックシフト

意味の変化, セマンティックシフト

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[名詞]
diachronic analysis

the study and examination of language change and evolution over time, focusing on the historical development of linguistic features, structures, and patterns in a language or language family

時間的分析, 歴史的分析

時間的分析, 歴史的分析

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[名詞]
synchronic analysis

the examination and study of a language at a specific point in time, emphasizing its existing linguistic features, structures, and patterns without considering their historical development or changes over time

同期分析, シンクロニック分析

同期分析, シンクロニック分析

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[名詞]
comparative method

a linguistic approach that compares related languages to uncover their shared ancestral forms and relationships

比較的方法, 比較的アプローチ

比較的方法, 比較的アプローチ

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[名詞]
Swadesh list

a standardized set of basic vocabulary words used in comparative linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, typically consisting of around 200 to 300 words that are considered to be less subject to borrowing or change over time

スワデシュリスト, スワデシュ語彙

スワデシュリスト, スワデシュ語彙

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[名詞]
derivation

the process of creating new words over time through linguistic changes and transformations

派生

派生

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[名詞]
centum language

a classification of Indo-European languages in which the palatal or velar stops of the Proto-Indo-European language merged with the plain stops, resulting in a lack of a phonemic distinction between them

センタム言語, センタム系言語

センタム言語, センタム系言語

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[名詞]
satem language

a type of Indo-European language in which the original palatal or velar consonants evolved into fricatives or affricates, distinguishing it from centum languages that preserved these consonants as stops

サテム語, サテム言語

サテム語, サテム言語

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[名詞]
suppletion

the phenomenon in which an irregular form of a word, often a verb or adjective, is used instead of a regular form to express a different grammatical feature

サプレション, サプレート (形態論における)

サプレション, サプレート (形態論における)

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[名詞]
semantic narrowing

a process in language change where the meaning of a word becomes more specific or limited over time, often referring to a narrower subset of the original meaning

意味の狭まり, セマンティックナローイング

意味の狭まり, セマンティックナローイング

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[名詞]
internal linguistic change

changes that occur within a language over time without the influence of external factors

内部言語変化, 言語の内部的進化

内部言語変化, 言語の内部的進化

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[名詞]
language cluster

a group of languages that are genetically related and share common features, indicating a common origin or ancestry

言語クラスター, 言語ファミリー

言語クラスター, 言語ファミリー

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[名詞]
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