Linguística - Etimologia e Lingüística Histórica

the earliest known form of a word or a morpheme from which related words in different languages are derived

etimón, raiz

(linguistics) a loan word or expression that is a word-by-word translation of a word or expression in another language

calque

a word or phrase borrowed from one language and incorporated into another language, typically with some modifications to fit the phonological, morphological, or semantic patterns of the borrowing language

palavra emprestada, empréstimo linguístico

the process by which words or phrases are adopted from one language into another, often due to cultural contact, trade, or historical influences, resulting in the integration of foreign elements into the borrowing language

empréstimo, adoção linguística

the source or point of beginning of something, such as the historical, cultural, or linguistic roots of a word, concept, or phenomenon

origem, fonte

a word that shares a common origin with another word in a different language, usually demonstrating similarities in form and meaning due to their common ancestral language

palavra cognata, termo cognato

the incorrect or mistaken explanation of the origin and development of a word or phrase based on popular belief or folk etymological reasoning

etimologia falsa, etimologia errada

the process by which the form or meaning of a word is modified or reinterpreted based on the similarity or familiarity of its components to other words or familiar patterns, often resulting in a new, popular, but etymologically incorrect explanation

etimologia popular, etimologia folclórica

a process in language change where irregularities in the inflectional or derivational morphology of words are simplified or regularized over time

nivelamento morfológico, regularização morfológica

the process by which the complexity or number of morphological elements in a word or word form is reduced over time

erosão morfológica, redução morfológica

the gradual simplification or loss of certain sounds or phonetic features within a language over time

erosão fonética, simplificação fonética

the process whereby the original meaning or intensity of a word or expression becomes progressively weakened or diluted over time, resulting in a broader, less specific, or less potent semantic range

erosão semântica, diluição semântica

the process by which a word or morpheme loses its original grammatical category and acquires a more independent, lexical function

descatagorização, desclassificação

the natural and ongoing process by which languages evolve and transform over time

mudança de língua, evolução da linguagem

the process of modification and evolution in the vocabulary of a language over time

mudança lexical, evolução lexical

a method used in historical linguistics to infer and reconstruct the linguistic forms and features of an earlier stage of a language based on evidence from its present-day descendants

reconstrução interna, reabilitação interna

the interaction of speakers from different linguistic backgrounds, leading to the exchange and influence of linguistic features between languages

contato linguístico, interação linguistic

a process in language change whereby words or lexical items evolve over time to become grammatical markers or functional elements, often losing their original lexical meaning and acquiring grammatical or structural functions

gramaticalização, gramaticalização

a fundamental principle in historical linguistics that describes the systematic sound changes observed in the transition from Proto-Indo-European to Germanic languages, including the transformation of certain consonant sounds

lei de Grimm, princípio de Grimm

a language that has lower prestige or social power in a contact situation and influences another language with which it comes into contact, leaving a significant impact on its linguistic features, vocabulary, and structure

língua substrato, língua subjacente

the phenomenon in which the meaning of a word or expression changes over time, resulting in a different interpretation or connotation from its original usage

mudança semântica, deslocamento semântico

the study and examination of language change and evolution over time, focusing on the historical development of linguistic features, structures, and patterns in a language or language family

análise diacrônica, estudo diacrônico

the examination and study of a language at a specific point in time, emphasizing its existing linguistic features, structures, and patterns without considering their historical development or changes over time

análise sincrônica, estudo sincrônico

a linguistic approach that compares related languages to uncover their shared ancestral forms and relationships

método comparativo, abordagem comparativa

a standardized set of basic vocabulary words used in comparative linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, typically consisting of around 200 to 300 words that are considered to be less subject to borrowing or change over time

lista de Swadesh, vocabulário de Swadesh

the process of creating new words over time through linguistic changes and transformations

derivação

a classification of Indo-European languages in which the palatal or velar stops of the Proto-Indo-European language merged with the plain stops, resulting in a lack of a phonemic distinction between them

língua centum, família de línguas centum

a type of Indo-European language in which the original palatal or velar consonants evolved into fricatives or affricates, distinguishing it from centum languages that preserved these consonants as stops

língua satem, língua satêmica

the phenomenon in which an irregular form of a word, often a verb or adjective, is used instead of a regular form to express a different grammatical feature

supleção, supleção (na morfologia)

a process in language change where the meaning of a word becomes more specific or limited over time, often referring to a narrower subset of the original meaning

estreitamento semântico, redução semântica

changes that occur within a language over time without the influence of external factors

mudança linguística interna, evolução interna da língua

a group of languages that are genetically related and share common features, indicating a common origin or ancestry

cluster linguístico, família de línguas