to exert a significant influence on the development, nature, or outcome of something

kształtować, wpływać
any territory under the full or partial control of another more powerful nation, often occupied by settlers from that nation

kolonia, terytorium pod kontrolą
the state of being free from the control of others

niepodległość, autonomia
a state or country where power is held by the people or their elected representatives, typically with an elected head of state rather than a monarch

republika, państwo republikańskie
the ability to depend on oneself to make decisions and take actions without needing external help or support

samodzielność, niezależność
(of a place or environment) full of activity, energy, and excitement, often with a lot of people moving around and engaged in various tasks or social interactions

tętniący życiem, ożywiony
a city or town near the sea where ships come to load and unload goods and passengers

miasto portowe, port morski
(of a place or atmosphere) full of excitement and energy

ożywiony, energiczny
the place where the main offices of a large company or organization are located

siedziba główna, kwatera główna
a behavior or treatment that is fair and just

sprawiedliwość
a group of people who share a common culture, language, religion, or ancestry

grupa etniczna, etnos
material used for making clothes, which is made by knitting or weaving silk, cotton, etc.

tkanina, materiał
objects such as necklaces, bracelets or rings, typically made from precious metals such as gold and silver, that we wear as decoration

biżuteria, klejnoty
decorated with or made from small, usually round pieces of glass, wood, plastic, or similar material that are threaded together or attached as decoration
polite and respectful behavior that shows consideration for others and follows social norms and customs

dobre maniery, savoir-vivre
to deal with or behave toward someone or something in a particular way

traktować, zachowywać się wobec
a kind or affectionate feeling toward others

ciepło, życzliwość
to give something to someone and receive something else from them

wymieniać, zamieniać
a hard smooth ivory colored dentine that makes up most of the tusks of elephants and walruses

kość słoniowa, kość słoniowa dentyna
the dried brown flower bud of a tropical tree that is used as a spice

goździk, pączek goździka
the hard seed of a tropical tree that is spherical in shape and very aromatic, used as a spice to add flavor to cakes, sauces, etc.

gałka muszkatołowa, muszkatołowiec
a spice that is made from the dried and rolled barks of a Southeast Asian tree, especially used in sweet foods

cynamon, cynamon
the field of science that is concerned with treating injuries and diseases

medycyna
having multiple twists and turns

kręty, wężykowaty
an organized attempt to protect and preserve animals, plants, natural resources, or the environment
resources (actual and potential) supplied by nature

zasoby naturalne, zasoby naturalne
to keep something from change or harm

zachowywać, chronić
a bowl-shaped geological formation at the top of a volcano

krater wulkaniczny, krater wulkanu
close or next to the side of something or someone

obok, wzdłuż
an intelligent ape, with mainly black fur, which has no tail and is native to the forests of western and central Africa

szympans, małpa człekokształtna
to draw special attention to something or to emphasize its importance

podkreślać, wyróżniać
to foster mental, moral, or aesthetic development

wychowywać, uczyć
continuing or enduring for a long time, without significant changes

trwały, długotrwały
a method or style of cooking that is specific to a country or region

kuchnia
a type of food or drink or other product that a place is known for because it is delivered in high quality

specjalność
related to or situated along the coast, the area where land meets the sea

nadbrzeżny, przybrzeżny
a white and creamy liquid made from coconut flesh, used as a substitute for dairy milk

mleko kokosowe, śmietanka kokosowa
(of food) containing starch in large amounts

skrobiowy, bogaty w skrobię
a tall plant growing in Central America that produces yellow seeds, which are used in cooking

kukurydza, ziarno kukurydzy
a flat metal structure used for cooking food over an open fire

ruszt, grill
to like being with someone and find their presence pleasant or enjoyable
not commonly happening or done

niezwykły, niespotykany
to get out of or avoid an unpleasant situation

uciekać, uniknąć
a wound or small injury caused by the bite of an insect, often resulting in itching, swelling, or irritation

ukąszenie owada, ugryzienie owada
widely recognized and regarded as a symbol of a particular time, place, or culture

ikoniczny, symboliczny
all wild animals, considered as a whole, living in the natural environment

dzika przyroda, fauna
incredibly impressive or beautiful, often leaving one feeling amazed

zapierający dech w piersiach, oszałamiający
an area of scenery visible in a single view

krajobraz, panorama
(of a person or their manner) having a kind, compassionate, and caring nature

ciepłego serca, życzliwy
to undertake a risky or daring journey or course of action

odważyć się, ryzykować
(of plants) existing and growing densely close together with little space in between, creating a lush and impenetrable area

gęsty, zwarty
a remarkable natural feature or phenomenon that is extraordinary or awe-inspiring

cud natury, niezwykłe zjawisko przyrodnicze
a person who climbs, especially rocks, mountains, or artificial climbing walls

wspinacz, alpinista
a way from one place to another

trasa, droga
having a surface that is flat and horizontal

poziomy, płaski
so memorable that being forgotten is impossible

niezapomniany, pamiętny
(of fish, birds, or other animals) to move to different geographic areas according to seasons in order to breed, find food, or escape harsh environmental conditions

migrować
trying to find or obtain someone or something

w poszukiwaniu, szukając
to have origins or existence that extends to a specific earlier time

sięgać czasów, pochodzić z
| East and Central Africa Vocabulary | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Kenia | Tanzania | Uganda | Etiopia |
| Rwanda | Somalia | Republika Środkowoafrykańska | Gwinea Równikowa |
| Kamerun | Demokratyczna Republika Konga | ||
