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Lista Słówek Poziomu C2 - Dziedziny i badania naukowe

Tutaj nauczysz się wszystkich niezbędnych słów do mówienia o dziedzinach i badaniach naukowych, zebranych specjalnie dla uczących się na poziomie C2.

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CEFR C2 Vocabulary
climatology
climatology
[Rzeczownik]

the scientific study of climates, including long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, wind, and other atmospheric conditions

klimatologia, badanie klimatów

klimatologia, badanie klimatów

Ex: Climatology explores the average weather conditions in a region over extended periods. 
cybernetics
cybernetics
[Rzeczownik]

the study of how communication and control work in living organisms and machines, focusing on information flow, feedback, and system regulation

cybernetyka, badanie systemów kontroli i komunikacji

cybernetyka, badanie systemów kontroli i komunikacji

Ex: Cybernetics examines how the human brain processes information and controls various bodily functions. 
kinesiology
kinesiology
[Rzeczownik]

the scientific study of human movement, encompassing the anatomy, physiology, and mechanics involved in physical activity

kinezjologia, nauka o ruchu człowieka

kinezjologia, nauka o ruchu człowieka

Ex: Physical therapists use principles from kinesiology to design rehabilitation programs tailored to individual movement patterns. 
astrophysics
astrophysics
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of physics that studies celestial objects and phenomena in the universe, such as stars, galaxies, and cosmic radiation

astrofizyka

astrofizyka

Ex: She decided to pursue a Ph.D. in astrophysics to study the formation and evolution of galaxies. 
quantum mechanics
quantum mechanics
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles at the smallest scales, governed by principles such as superposition and uncertainty

mechanika kwantowa

mechanika kwantowa

Ex: Quantum mechanics explains how atoms and molecules behave. 
neurophysiology
neurophysiology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of physiology concerning with the functioning of the nervous system

neurofizjologia, fizjologia układu nerwowego

neurofizjologia, fizjologia układu nerwowego

Ex: The study of neurophysiology helps scientists understand how nerve cells communicate and how brain activity translates to behavior and cognition. 
genetic engineering

the science or process of deliberately modifying the features of a living organism by changing its genetic information

inżynieria genetyczna, manipulacja genetyczna

inżynieria genetyczna, manipulacja genetyczna

Ex: Genetic engineering has enabled scientists to create crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, improving agricultural yields. 
quantum field theory

a physics framework describing forces and particles as interactions within fields

teoria pola kwantowego, kwantowa teoria pola

teoria pola kwantowego, kwantowa teoria pola

Ex: Quantum field theory explains the behavior of particles and forces. 
molecular genetics
molecular genetics
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of biology that focuses on the study of the structure and function of genes at the molecular level

genetyka molekularna

genetyka molekularna

Ex: Molecular genetics explores how genes work at the molecular level. 
cognitive neuroscience

the study of how the brain processes thoughts and behaviors

neuronauka poznawcza, kognitywna neuronauka

neuronauka poznawcza, kognitywna neuronauka

Ex: Cognitive neuroscience examines how the brain creates thoughts. 
paleontology
paleontology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of science that studies fossils

paleontologia

paleontologia

Ex: Paleontology has revealed fascinating details about the prehistoric creatures that roamed the Earth millions of years ago. 
immunology
immunology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of medical science that is concerned with the components of the body's immune system

immunologia, nauka o odporności

immunologia, nauka o odporności

Ex: Immunology is a critical field of study that focuses on understanding the immune system and how it defends the body against infections and diseases. 
epidemiology
epidemiology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch in medicine that primarily focuses on the distribution and control of diseases

epidemiologia

epidemiologia

Ex: Epidemiology is essential for understanding the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. 
seismology
seismology
[Rzeczownik]

the scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves, providing insights into Earth's interior, tectonic plate movement, and earthquake hazards

sejsmologia, badanie trzęsień ziemi

sejsmologia, badanie trzęsień ziemi

Ex: Seismology helps researchers monitor and understand the seismic activity along fault lines. 
volcanology
volcanology
[Rzeczownik]

a branch of geology that focuses on the study of volcanoes, volcanic activity, and related phenomena

wulkanologia, badanie wulkanów

wulkanologia, badanie wulkanów

Ex: Scientists in volcanology study lava flows and volcanic ash. 
hydrology
hydrology
[Rzeczownik]

the discipline that focuses on the study of water distribution, movement, and quality on Earth's surface and underground

hydrologia, nauka o wodzie

hydrologia, nauka o wodzie

Ex: Researchers use hydrology to assess water availability and quality. 
ethology
ethology
[Rzeczownik]

the discipline that focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior, including its evolutionary origins and ecological significance

etologia, nauka o zachowaniu zwierząt

etologia, nauka o zachowaniu zwierząt

Ex: Ethology studies how animals behave in their natural environments. 
endocrinology
endocrinology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of medicine and physiology dealing with the endocrine system that controls the hormones in one's body

endokrynologia

endokrynologia

Ex: Endocrinology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the study and treatment of hormone-related disorders. 
virology
virology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of medical science that primarily focuses on the study of viruses and virus-like agents

wirusologia

wirusologia

Ex: Virology is the study of viruses and how they infect and interact with host organisms, including humans, animals, and plants. 
entomology
entomology
[Rzeczownik]

a branch of zoology concerning the scientific study of insects

entomologia, badanie owadów

entomologia, badanie owadów

Ex: Entomology, the study of insects, provides valuable insights into the roles these creatures play in ecosystems and their impact on human activities. 
ornithology
ornithology
[Rzeczownik]

a branch of zoology concerning the scientific study of birds

ornitologia, badanie ptaków

ornitologia, badanie ptaków

Ex: Ornithology, the study of birds, helps scientists understand avian behavior, migration patterns, and the ecological roles of birds in various habitats. 
herpetology
herpetology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of zoology that focuses on the study of reptiles and amphibians

herpetologia

herpetologia

Ex: The focus of herpetology is understanding the physiology of crocodiles. 
ichthyology
ichthyology
[Rzeczownik]

the scientific study of fish including their biology, behavior, classification etc.

ichtiologia

ichtiologia

Ex: The researcher's expertise in ichthyology contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the local fish species. 
oncology
oncology
[Rzeczownik]

a branch of medical science that specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer

onkologia

onkologia

Ex: Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer. 
limnology
limnology
[Rzeczownik]

the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, ponds, and wetlands

limnologia, badanie ekosystemów wodnych śródlądowych

limnologia, badanie ekosystemów wodnych śródlądowych

Ex: Limnology investigates the health of freshwater ecosystems. 
pathology
pathology
[Rzeczownik]

a branch of medical science primarily focusing on the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury

patologia

patologia

Ex: The hospital offers specialized services in pathology, including the analysis of tissue samples for diagnostic purposes. 
pneumatics
pneumatics
[Rzeczownik]

a branch of engineering and physics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases, especially air, and the application of pressurized air to produce motion or mechanical effects

pneumatyka, układ pneumatyczny

pneumatyka, układ pneumatyczny

Ex: Pneumatics is commonly used in industries for operating tools and machinery using compressed air. 
epistemology
epistemology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

epistemologia, teoria poznania

epistemologia, teoria poznania

Ex: Epistemology asks how we can know anything with certainty. 
genealogy
genealogy
[Rzeczownik]

the study of family lineages and the history of descent

genealogia

genealogia

Ex: Thanks to advancements in technology and online databases, conducting genealogy research has become more accessible to individuals interested in their family history. 
histology
histology
[Rzeczownik]

the branch of biology that focuses on the microscopic study of tissues and cells to understand their structure, function, and organization

histologia

histologia

Ex: Histology examines the structure of tissues under a microscope. 
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