(physics) the maximum distance a vibrating material, sound wave, etc. such as a pendulum travels from its first position
振幅, 幅度
声波的振幅决定了它的响度，振幅越大，声音越响。
relating to the science of studying sounds or the way people hear things
声学的, 与声学有关的
声学研究专注于人类如何在不同环境中感知声音。
a technology that uses sound waves to detect objects underwater or measure distances underwater
声纳, 声学探测
海豚和蝙蝠使用一种称为回声定位的天然声纳形式来定位猎物并避免碰撞。
a solid geometric shape, typically with a triangular base and rectangular sides, that refracts light into its component colors or alters the path of light
棱镜, 多面晶体
科学家演示了如何在物理实验室中使用棱镜来分裂和分析光波。
electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than visible light, used for applications such as thermal imaging and remote sensing
红外线, 红外辐射
红外线在天文学中被用来研究太空中发射热辐射的冷物体。
a type of electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths than visible light, often associated with sunlight and used in various applications
紫外线, 紫外线辐射
紫外线用于晒黑床以加深肤色。
the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation
荧光, 发光
一些花表现出荧光，吸引蜜蜂等传粉者。
a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of light over a specific range of wavelengths
光谱仪
天文学家使用光谱仪研究恒星和星系的光谱，揭示它们的化学成分和温度信息。
a fundamental particle of light that carries electromagnetic energy and exhibits both particle-like and wave-like properties
光子, 光量子
太阳能电池通过捕获光子并在半导体材料中释放电子，将阳光转化为电能。
(of physics) to change the direction of light, sound, or energy when it passes through something
折射, 使偏转
the bending, spreading, and interference of waves as they encounter obstacles or pass through narrow openings, often observed in the behavior of light, sound, or other waves
衍射, 波的衍射
衍射现象对于理解波在角落和障碍物周围的行为至关重要。
the fraction or percentage of light or electromagnetic radiation that passes through a substance or medium
透射率, 传输
工程师测量光纤的透射率，以确保数据信号在长距离上的高效传输。
a measure of how strongly a substance absorbs light at a particular wavelength
摩尔吸光系数, 摩尔吸收率
a range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a substance, typically represented as a graph showing absorption intensity versus wavelength
吸收光谱, 吸收谱
叶绿素的吸收光谱揭示了植物为进行光合作用而吸收的光的波长。
the branch of physical science that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy, particularly the principles governing the conversion of various forms of energy
热力学
热力学在理解和优化热机（如汽车发动机和发电厂）的效率方面起着至关重要的作用。
an instrument that automatically controls the temperature of a room, machine, etc.
恒温器
恒温器调节家中的温度，确保舒适和能源效率。
a device used to measure the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction or physical change, typically by measuring temperature changes in a surrounding medium
热量计, 热量测量装置
食品科学家使用热量计通过燃烧食物并测量产生的热量来测量食物的热量含量。
a tool designed to measure the temperature of the surrounding air or environment
温度计, 环境温度计
安装在门廊上的室外温度计帮助他们追踪每日的温度波动。
a small piece of material that is a semiconductor, used to make an integrated circuit
微芯片, 芯片
微芯片是现代智能手机中的重要组成部分。
the distance between a point on a wave of energy and a similar point on the next wave
波长, 一个波的长度
a theory that explains the relationship between motion, space, and time
相对论
著名的方程 E=mc² 来自狭义相对论。
(physics) matter consisting of elementary particles that are the antiparticles of those of regular matter
反物质, 反粒子物质
当物质和反物质粒子碰撞时，它们会相互湮灭，以伽马射线的形式释放能量。
the process of solidification or freezing, typically of a liquid or a substance turning into a solid state due to a decrease in temperature
冻结, 凝固
在冷冻保存中，生物样本通过使用液氮的冻结过程得以保存。
to transform from a liquid or flexible state into a stable, firm, or compact form
固化, 变硬
在冰箱里放了几个小时后，果冻甜点开始凝固，形成了一种摇晃且令人满意的质地。
to change from a solid state and become fluid or liquid
液化, 融化
科学家发现了一种在室温下能够液化的新化合物。
relating to particles or forces that exist within atoms, including particles smaller than atoms themselves or the interactions between these particles
亚原子的, 次原子的
亚原子粒子，如电子、质子和中子，是原子的构成部分。
a very small, electrically neutral particle that rarely interacts with matter
中微子, 中微子粒子
在诸如恒星中的核聚变等过程中，中微子起着关键作用。
extremely small, typically between 1 and 100 billionths of a meter, where materials show unique properties
纳米级的, 在纳米尺度上
科学家设计纳米尺度设备来精确靶向癌细胞。
the scientific study of measurement, including the development of measurement standards and techniques
计量学, 测量科学
工程师使用计量学来校准机械以实现精确制造。
a scientist who applies principles and methods of physics to study biological systems and phenomena, aiming to understand life processes at the molecular and cellular levels
生物物理学家, 生物物理学领域的科学家
生物物理学家研究肌肉收缩的力学，以了解细胞如何产生力和运动。
describing light that spreads evenly from a broad source or surface, creating soft illumination without harsh shadows
漫射的, 扩散的
摄影师经常使用漫射照明以避免照片中出现强烈的对比。
used nuclear fuel that is no longer efficient for producing energy in a reactor
乏燃料, 使用过的核燃料
the rate at which pressure changes over a certain distance in a particular direction
压力梯度, 压力变化
the spatial frequency of a wave, representing the number of wavelengths per unit distance
波数, 空间频率
红外光谱使用波数来测量分子的能级和振动。
a tiny particle with whole-number spin, such as photons or the Higgs boson, often associated with carrying fundamental forces or giving mass to other particles
玻色子, 整数自旋粒子
玻色子在介导支配粒子相互作用的基本力方面起着至关重要的作用。
a type of particle accelerator where two opposing beams of particles are directed to collide with each other at high speeds, allowing scientists to study fundamental particles and forces
对撞机, 粒子对撞机
科学家使用对撞机来重现类似于大爆炸之后的条件。
