Sciences Naturelles SAT - Chemistry

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

polymère

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

isotope

having a tendency to to undergo chemical reactions

réactif, réactive

containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions

radioactif

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

liaison covalente, lien covalent

a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond

lien double, liaison double

defining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water

hydrophile

characterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water

hydrophobe, qui repousse l'eau

a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase

réaction exothermique, réaction qui dégage de la chaleur

a chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease

réaction endothermique, réaction qui absorbe la chaleur

the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes

masse atomique, masse atomique moyenne

the total mass of all the atoms in a single molecule of a substance

masse moléculaire, masse d'une molécule

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

nombre de masse, masse atomique

a fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12

mole

a container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory

becher, bécher

a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid

pipette

a device that spins samples to separate components based on density

centrifugeuse, centrifuge

a special paper treated with chemicals that change color in response to certain conditions, used to test for the presence of specific substances or measure pH levels

papier indicateur, papier de test

a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties

tableau périodique, table des éléments

the process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid

calcification, d calcification

a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed

titration, dosage

the process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases

fermentation

the measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution

concentration, teneur

a device used to analyze the chemical composition of small samples at a microscopic scale

microsonde

a type of metallic material composed of three or more elements mixed together in varying proportions

alliage multicomposant, alliage à plusieurs composants

a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule

radical, radical chimique

a test that measures the presence, amount, or activity of a specific substance in a sample, often used in scientific and medical research

essai, analyse

a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products

équilibre dynamique, équilibre chimique

(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it

électrolyse

(of a solid) to become one with a liquid

se dissoudre

to make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid

diluer, atténuer

to disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling

suspendre, disperser

the process of dispersing or dissolving a substance into a solvent to form a homogeneous solution

solubilisation, dissolution

the arrangement, composition, and characteristics of a material at a microscopic level

microstructure, microstructure (technique)

a tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties

nanotube

heated to a liquid state due to high temperatures

fondue, en fusion

a phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries

phase, état

to eliminate or neutralize harmful substances

détoxifier, neutraliser les substances nocives

denoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals

cristallin, cristallisé

a scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals

crystallographe

a scientist who studies the chemical composition and processes of celestial bodies to understand the formation and evolution of the universe

cosmochemiste

a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase

chromatographie

a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa

désintégration bêta, décomposition bêta

not having an electrical charge

non chargé, neutre

a device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it

condenseur, appareil de condensation

weak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles

forces de Van der Waals, interactions de Van der Waals

a scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications

métallurgiste

the process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer

adsorption, adhésion à la surface

a renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease

biodiesel, diesel biologique

a specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure

eutectique

a substance capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of liquid relative to its own mass

superabsorbant, polymère superabsorbant