Естественные Науки SAT - Chemistry

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

полимер

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

изотоп

having a tendency to to undergo chemical reactions

реактивный, реактивная

containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions

радиоактивный

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

ковалентная связь, ковалентная ссылка

a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond

двойная связь, двойная связь

defining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water

гидрофильный

characterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water

гидрофобный, отталкивающий воду

a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase

экзотермическая реакция, реакция

a chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease

эндотермическая реакция, реакция

the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes

атомная масса, средняя атомная масса

the total mass of all the atoms in a single molecule of a substance

молярная масса, масса молекулы

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

массовое число, число нуклонов

a fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12

моль

a container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory

мензурка

a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid

пипетка

a device that spins samples to separate components based on density

центрифуга, финансовый центр

a special paper treated with chemicals that change color in response to certain conditions, used to test for the presence of specific substances or measure pH levels

индикаторная бумага, показательная бумага

a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties

периодическая таблица, таблица элементов

the process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid

кальцинация, кальцификация

a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed

титрование, титровка

the process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases

ферментация

the measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution

концентрация, содержимое

a device used to analyze the chemical composition of small samples at a microscopic scale

микропроба

a type of metallic material composed of three or more elements mixed together in varying proportions

мультикомпонентный сплав, сплав с несколькими компонентами

a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule

радикал, химический радикал

a test that measures the presence, amount, or activity of a specific substance in a sample, often used in scientific and medical research

анализ, исследование

a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products

динамическое равновесие, химическое равновесие

(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it

электролиз

(of a solid) to become one with a liquid

растворять

to make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid

разбавить, разжижать

to disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling

взбалтывать, супендировать

the process of dispersing or dissolving a substance into a solvent to form a homogeneous solution

солевание, растворение

the arrangement, composition, and characteristics of a material at a microscopic level

микроструктура, микроструктура материала

a tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties

нанотрубка

heated to a liquid state due to high temperatures

расплавленный, жидкий

a phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries

фаза, состояние

to eliminate or neutralize harmful substances

детоксинировать, нейтрализовать вредные вещества

denoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals

кристаллический, кристальный

a scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals

кристаллограф

a scientist who studies the chemical composition and processes of celestial bodies to understand the formation and evolution of the universe

космохимик

a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase

хроматография

a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa

бета-распад, распад бета

not having an electrical charge

незаряженный, нейтральный

a device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it

конденсатор, прибор конденсации

weak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles

силы Ван дер Ваальса, взаимодействия Ван дер Ваальса

a scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications

металлург

the process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer

адсорбция, прилипания молекул к поверхности

a renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease

биодизель, биодизельное топливо

a specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure

евтектический

a substance capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of liquid relative to its own mass

суперабсорбент, суперабсорбционная субstanция