Nauki Przyrodnicze SAT - Chemistry

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

polimer

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

izotop

having a tendency to to undergo chemical reactions

reaktywny, reaktywna

containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions

radioaktywny, radioaktywna

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

wiązanie kowalencyjne, więz środkowy

a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond

wiążą dwuatomowe, wiązanie podwójne

defining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water

hydrofilowy

characterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water

hydrofobowy, odpychający wodę

a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase

reakcja egzotermiczna, reakcja wydzielająca ciepło

a chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease

reakcja endoenergetyczna, reakcja pochłaniająca ciepło

the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes

masa atomowa, średnia masa atomowa

the total mass of all the atoms in a single molecule of a substance

masa molekularna, masa cząsteczki

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

liczba masowa, masa atomowa

a fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12

mol

a container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory

zlewka, naczynie

a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid

pipeta

a device that spins samples to separate components based on density

wirowka, wirnik

a special paper treated with chemicals that change color in response to certain conditions, used to test for the presence of specific substances or measure pH levels

papier wskaźnikowy, papier testowy

a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties

układ okresowy, tabela pierwiastków

the process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid

kalcyfikacja, kalcyfikacja

a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed

tytacja, titracja

the process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases

fermentacja

the measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution

stężenie, zawartość

a device used to analyze the chemical composition of small samples at a microscopic scale

mikroproba

a type of metallic material composed of three or more elements mixed together in varying proportions

stop wieloskładnikowy, stop z wielu składników

a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule

rodnik, radikal chemiczny

a test that measures the presence, amount, or activity of a specific substance in a sample, often used in scientific and medical research

analiza, badanie

a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products

równowaga dynamiczna, równowaga chemiczna

(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it

elektroliza

(of a solid) to become one with a liquid

rozpuszczać, rozpuścić się

to make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid

rozcieńczać, osłabiać

to disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling

zawiesić, dyspersować

the process of dispersing or dissolving a substance into a solvent to form a homogeneous solution

solubilizacja, rozpuszczanie

the arrangement, composition, and characteristics of a material at a microscopic level

mikrostruktura, struktur mikroskopowa

a tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties

nanorura

heated to a liquid state due to high temperatures

płynny, stopiony

a phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries

faz, stan

to eliminate or neutralize harmful substances

detoksykować, neutralizować szkodliwe substancje

denoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals

krystaliczny, krystalizujący

a scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals

krystalograf

a scientist who studies the chemical composition and processes of celestial bodies to understand the formation and evolution of the universe

kosmochemik

a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase

chromatografia

a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa

rozpad beta, beta rozpad

not having an electrical charge

nie naładowany, neutralny

a device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it

kondensator, urządzenie skraplające

weak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles

siły Van der Waalsa, interakcje Van der Waalsa

a scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications

metaloznawca

the process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer

adsorpcja, przyleganie do powierzchni

a renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease

biodiesel, biopaliwo

a specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure

eutektyczny

a substance capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of liquid relative to its own mass

superabsorbent, polimer superabsorbentny