自然科学 SAT - Chemistry

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

ポリマー

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

同位体

having a tendency to to undergo chemical reactions

反応性, 反応性

containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions

放射性, 放射性

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

共有結合, コバレント結合

a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond

二重結合, ダブルボンド

defining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water

親水性の

characterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water

撥水性の, 水を弾く

a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase

発熱反応, 熱を放出する反応

a chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease

吸熱反応, 熱を吸収する反応

the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes

原子量, 平均原子量

the total mass of all the atoms in a single molecule of a substance

分子量, 分子の質量

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

質量数, 原子量

a fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12

モル

a container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory

ビーカー, 容器

a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid

ピペット

a device that spins samples to separate components based on density

遠心分離機, センチリフージ

a special paper treated with chemicals that change color in response to certain conditions, used to test for the presence of specific substances or measure pH levels

指示薬紙, テスト用紙

a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties

周期表, 元素の表

the process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid

石灰化, カルシフィケーション

a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed

滴定, 滴定法

the process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases

発酵

the measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution

濃度, 含有量

a device used to analyze the chemical composition of small samples at a microscopic scale

マイクロプローブ

a type of metallic material composed of three or more elements mixed together in varying proportions

多成分合金, 複合合金

a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule

ラジカル, 化学ラジカル

a test that measures the presence, amount, or activity of a specific substance in a sample, often used in scientific and medical research

アッセイ, 分析

a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products

動的平衡, 化学平衡

(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it

電気分解

(of a solid) to become one with a liquid

溶かす, 溶ける

to make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid

希釈する, 薄める

to disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling

懸濁する, 分散させる

the process of dispersing or dissolving a substance into a solvent to form a homogeneous solution

溶解化, 溶媒化

the arrangement, composition, and characteristics of a material at a microscopic level

微細構造, マイクロ構造

a tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties

ナノチューブ

heated to a liquid state due to high temperatures

溶融した, 溶けた

a phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries

相, 状態

to eliminate or neutralize harmful substances

デトックスする, 有害物質を中和する

denoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals

結晶性の, クリスタル状の

a scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals

結晶学者

a scientist who studies the chemical composition and processes of celestial bodies to understand the formation and evolution of the universe

コスモケミスト

a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase

クロマトグラフィー

a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa

ベータ崩壊, ベータデケイ

not having an electrical charge

未充電の, 中性の

a device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it

コンデンサー, 凝縮器

weak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles

ファン・デル・ワールス力, ファン・デル・ワールス相互作用

a scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications

冶金学者

the process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer

吸着, 表面吸着

a renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease

バイオディーゼル, バイオ燃料

a specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure

共晶

a substance capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of liquid relative to its own mass

スーパー吸収剤, スーパーハブル