SAT علوم طبیعی - Chemistry

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

پلیمر

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

ایزوتوپ

having a tendency to to undergo chemical reactions

واکنشی

containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions

رادیواکتیو

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

پیوند کووالان

a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond

پیوند دوگانه

defining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water

آب‌دوست

characterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water

آبگریز

a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase

واکنش گرمازا

a chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease

واکنش اندوترمیک

the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes

جرم اتمی

the total mass of all the atoms in a single molecule of a substance

جرم مولکولی

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

عدد جرمی

a fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12

مول

a container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory

فنجان

a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid

پیپت

a device that spins samples to separate components based on density

سانتریفیوژ

a special paper treated with chemicals that change color in response to certain conditions, used to test for the presence of specific substances or measure pH levels

کاغذ نشانگر

a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties

جدول تناوبی

the process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid

کلسifizierung

a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed

تیتراسیون

the process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases

تخمیر

the measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution

غلظت

a device used to analyze the chemical composition of small samples at a microscopic scale

میکروپروب

a type of metallic material composed of three or more elements mixed together in varying proportions

آلیاژ چندجزئی

a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule

رادیکال

a test that measures the presence, amount, or activity of a specific substance in a sample, often used in scientific and medical research

آزمایش

a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products

تعادل دینامیکی

(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it

الکتролیز

(of a solid) to become one with a liquid

حل کردن

to make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid

رقیق کردن

to disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling

معلق کردن

the process of dispersing or dissolving a substance into a solvent to form a homogeneous solution

حلّال‌سازی

the arrangement, composition, and characteristics of a material at a microscopic level

میکروساختار

a tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties

نانولوله

heated to a liquid state due to high temperatures

ذوب‌شده

a phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries

فاز

to eliminate or neutralize harmful substances

سم‌زدایی کردن

denoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals

بلوری

a scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals

بلورشناس

a scientist who studies the chemical composition and processes of celestial bodies to understand the formation and evolution of the universe

کیهان‌شیمیدان

a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase

کروماتوگرافی

a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa

پوسیدگی بتا

not having an electrical charge

بدون بار

a device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it

مکنده

weak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles

نیروهای وان der Waals

a scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications

متالورژ

the process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer

جذب سطحی

a renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease

بیودیزل

a specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure

اوتکتیک

a substance capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of liquid relative to its own mass

ابرراستیاپذیر