Cambridge English: CPE (C2 Proficiency) - Politik dan Struktur Sosial

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aristocracy

[Kata benda]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

aristokrasi, bangsawan

Ex: The aristocracy opposed many social reforms that threatened their privileges .**Aristokrasi** menentang banyak reformasi sosial yang mengancam hak istimewa mereka.

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bourgeois

[Adjektiva]

belonging to the wealthy property-owning class that profits from and exploits the working class, as described in Marxist theory

borjuis, kapitalis

Ex: The novel offered a sharp critique of bourgeois values in a time of social unrest .Novel itu menawarkan kritik tajam terhadap nilai-nilai **borjuis** di masa kerusuhan sosial.

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cabal

[Kata benda]

a secret plot, especially one designed to gain power or manipulate events behind the scenes

konspirasi, klik

Ex: The cabal operated in shadows , pulling strings no one could see .**Konspirasi** beroperasi dalam bayang-bayang, menarik tali yang tidak bisa dilihat siapa pun.

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caste

[Kata benda]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

kasta, sistem kasta

Ex: Efforts to address caste-based discrimination require legislative measures, educational reforms, and social awareness campaigns to promote equality and inclusivity.Upaya untuk mengatasi diskriminasi berbasis **kasta** memerlukan tindakan legislatif, reformasi pendidikan, dan kampanye kesadaran sosial untuk mempromosikan kesetaraan dan inklusivitas.

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clientele

[Kata benda]

the collective body of clients served by a business, professional, or institution

klien, basis klien

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clique

[Kata benda]

a small, exclusive group of individuals who share similar interests, attitudes, or social status

klik

Ex: The clique of artists often collaborated on projects together , sharing ideas and inspiration within their close circle .**Kelompok** seniman sering berkolaborasi dalam proyek bersama, berbagi ide dan inspirasi dalam lingkaran dekat mereka.

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junta

[Kata benda]

a government of politicians or military officers that forcefully obtained power

junta, pemerintahan militer

Ex: The junta's takeover led to years of instability and economic decline .Pengambilalihan kekuasaan oleh **junta** menyebabkan tahun-tahun ketidakstabilan dan penurunan ekonomi.

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oligarchy

[Kata benda]

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarki, pemerintahan oleh kelompok kecil

Ex: The rise of oligarchy often leads to corruption and nepotism , as ruling elites prioritize their own interests over those of the broader population .Kebangkitan **oligarki** sering mengarah pada korupsi dan nepotisme, karena elit penguasa mengutamakan kepentingan mereka sendiri daripada kepentingan populasi yang lebih luas.

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plutocracy

[Kata benda]

a form of government or society in which power is held and influenced primarily by the wealthy or a small privileged class

plutokrasi, pemerintahan orang kaya

Ex: The government 's tax policies have been criticized for perpetuating a plutocracy, as they seem to favor the wealthiest individuals and corporations .Kebijakan pajak pemerintah telah dikritik karena melanggengkan **plutokrasi**, karena tampaknya menguntungkan individu dan korporasi terkaya.

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quorum

[Kata benda]

the minimum number of people that must be present for a meeting to officially begin or for decisions to be made

kuorum, jumlah minimum yang diperlukan

Ex: It 's important to achieve a quorum during meetings to ensure that decisions are made with the input of a representative group of stakeholders .Penting untuk mencapai **kuorum** selama rapat untuk memastikan bahwa keputusan dibuat dengan masukan dari kelompok perwakilan pemangku kepentingan.

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coterie

[Kata benda]

a small, exclusive group of people with shared interests

kelompok kecil, kelompok eksklusif

Ex: The art gallery was frequented by a coterie of collectors and connoisseurs who appreciated its unique offerings .Galeri seni sering dikunjungi oleh **kelompok eksklusif** kolektor dan connoisseur yang menghargai tawaran uniknya.

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apolitical

[Adjektiva]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolitis, tidak tertarik pada politik

Ex: The community center served as an apolitical space , welcoming everyone regardless of their political beliefs to engage in recreational activities .Pusat komunitas berfungsi sebagai ruang **apolitik**, menyambut semua orang terlepas dari keyakinan politik mereka untuk terlibat dalam kegiatan rekreasi.

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to caucus

[kata kerja]

to meet privately as a group to discuss strategy, make decisions, or select candidates

mengadakan kaukus, berkumpul secara tertutup

Ex: The party members intend to caucus to assess the public 's sentiment and adjust their political agenda accordingly .Para delegasi **mengadakan pertemuan tertutup** sepanjang malam untuk menyelesaikan platform.

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fiat

[Kata benda]

an official and binding order or decision recorded by a court as if issued by a judge

sebuah dekrit, sebuah perintah pengadilan

Ex: The lawyer petitioned the court for a fiat to enforce the earlier ruling .Pengacara mengajukan petisi ke pengadilan untuk **fiat** guna menegakkan putusan sebelumnya.

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to gerrymander

[kata kerja]

to divide voting districts in a way that would advantage a particular group or party more

memanipulasi distrik pemilihan, membagi distrik pemilihan secara menguntungkan

Ex: If the bill passes , the legislators would gerrymander the districts to secure a majority for their party .Jika RUU itu disahkan, para legislator akan **memanipulasi distrik** untuk mengamankan mayoritas bagi partai mereka.

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partisan

[Adjektiva]

displaying support and favoritism toward a party or cause, usually without giving it much thought

berpihak, partisan

Ex: The partisan nature of the debate prevented constructive dialogue and compromise .Sifat **partisan** dari debat mencegah dialog konstruktif dan kompromi.

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sedition

[Kata benda]

the act of rebellion or resistance against established authority, typically through speech or conduct

hasutan, pemberontakan

Ex: Distributing flyers promoting armed rebellion resulted in charges of sedition against the activist group .Mendistribusikan selebaran yang mempromosikan pemberontakan bersenjata mengakibatkan tuduhan **hasutan** terhadap kelompok aktivis.

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suffrage

[Kata benda]

the right or privilege of casting a vote in public elections

hak pilih, hak suara

Ex: Universal suffrage ensures that all adult citizens have the right to vote.**Hak pilih universal** memastikan bahwa semua warga negara dewasa memiliki hak untuk memilih.

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mandate

[Kata benda]

an official document that sets out a specific order or command to be carried out

mandat, dekrit

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prerogative

[Kata benda]

an exclusive right or privilege held by a specific person or group, often due to official position or inheritance

hak prerogatif, hak istimewa

Ex: Changing the school 's curriculum is the prerogative of the education board .Mengubah kurikulum sekolah adalah **prerogatif** dewan pendidikan.

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ascendancy

[Kata benda]

a position of dominant power, influence, or control over others

keunggulan, dominasi

Ex: With the rise of renewable energy , some predict the ascendancy of green technology over fossil fuels .Dengan meningkatnya energi terbarukan, beberapa orang memprediksi **dominasi** teknologi hijau atas bahan bakar fosil.

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demotic

[Adjektiva]

intended for or relating to ordinary people; popular or accessible in style

populer, umum

Ex: The festival had a demotic feel , with street food , music , and local crafts .Festival itu memiliki nuansa **demotik**, dengan makanan jalanan, musik, dan kerajinan lokal.

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ethnocentric

[Adjektiva]

having a focus on a particular ethnic group, especially with the belief that it is superior or more important than others

etnosentris, terfokus pada kelompok etnis sendiri

Ex: She challenged the ethnocentric narratives in her history class by introducing alternative viewpoints .Dia menantang narasi **etnosentris** di kelas sejarahnya dengan memperkenalkan sudut pandang alternatif.

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ivory tower

[Kata benda]

a situation or state in which someone does not know or wishes to avoid the unpleasant things that can normally happen to people in their ordinary lives

menara gading, menara gading

Ex: He needs to come down from his ivory tower and see how his policies affect everyday people .Dia perlu turun dari **menara gadingnya** dan melihat bagaimana kebijakannya memengaruhi orang biasa.

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to rule the roost

[frasa]

to be in control and have absolute power in a group or in a situation

Ex: As the head of the household, he ruled the roost with a firm hand, ensuring that his decisions and rules were followed by all family members.

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schism

[Kata benda]

a division between a group of people caused by their disagreement over beliefs or views

perpecahan, perpisahan

Ex: The ideological schism between the two factions was evident in their conflicting statements .**Pecah belah** ideologis antara dua faksi itu terlihat jelas dalam pernyataan-pernyataan mereka yang bertentangan.

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demagogue

[Kata benda]

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

demagog, penghasut

Ex: Democracy is vulnerable to the influence of demagogues who prioritize their own power over the welfare of the people .Demokrasi rentan terhadap pengaruh **demagog** yang mengutamakan kekuasaan mereka sendiri di atas kesejahteraan rakyat.

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despot

[Kata benda]

a cruel ruler with absolute power

despot, penguasa kejam

Ex: In history , many despots have been remembered for their brutal policies and disregard for human rights .Dalam sejarah, banyak **despot** yang dikenang karena kebijakan brutal mereka dan pengabaian terhadap hak asasi manusia.

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beholden

[Adjektiva]

indebted or obligated to someone because of a favor or kindness they have done

berhutang budi, terikat

Ex: The politician felt beholden to his supporters and worked tirelessly to fulfill their expectations .Politisi itu merasa **berhutang budi** kepada pendukungnya dan bekerja tanpa lelah untuk memenuhi harapan mereka.

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backlash

[Kata benda]

a strong, negative response, against a recent event, decision, or trend

reaksi negatif, reaksi balik

Ex: Backlash against the proposal delayed its implementation for months .**Reaksi keras** terhadap proposal menunda pelaksanaannya selama berbulan-bulan.

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milieu

[Kata benda]

the social or cultural setting or environment

lingkungan

Ex: The rural countryside offered a tranquil milieu for those seeking refuge from the fast-paced urban lifestyle .Pedesaan menawarkan **lingkungan** yang tenang bagi mereka yang mencari perlindungan dari gaya hidup perkotaan yang serba cepat.

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to change horses (in) midstream

[frasa]

to adopt a different policy in face of a difficult or unexpected problem

Ex: During contract negotiations, the union refused the owner's demand to substitute mediators, stating it was ill-advised to change horses midstream while both sides were still at the table.

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distaff

[Adjektiva]

relating to women in general

perempuan, maternal

Ex: He admired the distaff strength shown during hard times.Dia mengagumi kekuatan **perempuan** yang ditunjukkan selama masa-masa sulit.

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Cambridge English: CPE (C2 Proficiency)

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