Cambridge English: CPE (C2 Proficiency) - Politica e struttura sociale

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aristocracy

[sostantivo]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

aristocrazia

Ex: The aristocracy opposed many social reforms that threatened their privileges .**L'aristocrazia** si oppose a molte riforme sociali che minacciavano i loro privilegi.

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bourgeois

[aggettivo]

belonging to the wealthy property-owning class that profits from and exploits the working class, as described in Marxist theory

borghese, capitalista

Ex: The novel offered a sharp critique of bourgeois values in a time of social unrest .Il romanzo offriva una critica tagliente dei valori **borghesi** in un periodo di disordini sociali.

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cabal

[sostantivo]

a secret plot, especially one designed to gain power or manipulate events behind the scenes

cospirazione, congrega

Ex: The cabal operated in shadows , pulling strings no one could see .La **cabala** operava nell'ombra, tirando i fili che nessuno poteva vedere.

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caste

[sostantivo]

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

casta

Ex: Efforts to address caste-based discrimination require legislative measures, educational reforms, and social awareness campaigns to promote equality and inclusivity.Gli sforzi per affrontare la discriminazione basata sulla **casta** richiedono misure legislative, riforme educative e campagne di sensibilizzazione sociale per promuovere l'uguaglianza e l'inclusività.

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clientele

[sostantivo]

the collective body of clients served by a business, professional, or institution

clientela

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clique

[sostantivo]

a small, exclusive group of individuals who share similar interests, attitudes, or social status

cricca

Ex: The clique of artists often collaborated on projects together , sharing ideas and inspiration within their close circle .Il **clique** di artisti spesso collaborava insieme a progetti, condividendo idee e ispirazione all'interno del loro ristretto circolo.

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junta

[sostantivo]

a government of politicians or military officers that forcefully obtained power

giunta

Ex: The junta's takeover led to years of instability and economic decline .La presa del potere della **giunta** ha portato a anni di instabilità e declino economico.

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oligarchy

[sostantivo]

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarchia

Ex: The rise of oligarchy often leads to corruption and nepotism , as ruling elites prioritize their own interests over those of the broader population .L'ascesa dell'**oligarchia** spesso porta a corruzione e nepotismo, poiché le élite al potere danno priorità ai propri interessi piuttosto che a quelli della popolazione più ampia.

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plutocracy

[sostantivo]

a form of government or society in which power is held and influenced primarily by the wealthy or a small privileged class

plutocrazia, governo dei ricchi

Ex: The government 's tax policies have been criticized for perpetuating a plutocracy, as they seem to favor the wealthiest individuals and corporations .Le politiche fiscali del governo sono state criticate per perpetuare una **plutocrazia**, poiché sembrano favorire gli individui e le corporazioni più ricche.

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quorum

[sostantivo]

the minimum number of people that must be present for a meeting to officially begin or for decisions to be made

quorum

Ex: It 's important to achieve a quorum during meetings to ensure that decisions are made with the input of a representative group of stakeholders .È importante raggiungere un **quorum** durante le riunioni per garantire che le decisioni vengano prese con il contributo di un gruppo rappresentativo di stakeholder.

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coterie

[sostantivo]

a small, exclusive group of people with shared interests

coterie, gruppo esclusivo

Ex: The art gallery was frequented by a coterie of collectors and connoisseurs who appreciated its unique offerings .La galleria d'arte era frequentata da un **coterie** di collezionisti e intenditori che apprezzavano le sue offerte uniche.

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apolitical

[aggettivo]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolitico

Ex: The community center served as an apolitical space , welcoming everyone regardless of their political beliefs to engage in recreational activities .Il centro comunitario fungeva da spazio **apolitico**, accogliendo tutti a prescindere dalle loro convinzioni politiche per partecipare ad attività ricreative.

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to caucus

[Verbo]

to meet privately as a group to discuss strategy, make decisions, or select candidates

riunirsi in caucus, tenere un caucus

Ex: The party members intend to caucus to assess the public 's sentiment and adjust their political agenda accordingly .I delegati si sono **riuniti in caucus** per tutta la notte per finalizzare la piattaforma.

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fiat

[sostantivo]

an official and binding order or decision recorded by a court as if issued by a judge

un decreto, un'ordinanza

Ex: The lawyer petitioned the court for a fiat to enforce the earlier ruling .L'avvocato ha richiesto al tribunale un **fiat** per far rispettare la sentenza precedente.

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to gerrymander

[Verbo]

to divide voting districts in a way that would advantage a particular group or party more

gerrymander

Ex: If the bill passes , the legislators would gerrymander the districts to secure a majority for their party .Se il disegno di legge verrà approvato, i legislatori **manipolerebbero i distretti** per assicurare una maggioranza al loro partito.

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partisan

[aggettivo]

displaying support and favoritism toward a party or cause, usually without giving it much thought

partigiano

Ex: The partisan nature of the debate prevented constructive dialogue and compromise .La natura **partigiana** del dibattito ha impedito un dialogo costruttivo e un compromesso.

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sedition

[sostantivo]

the act of rebellion or resistance against established authority, typically through speech or conduct

sedizione, ribellione

Ex: Distributing flyers promoting armed rebellion resulted in charges of sedition against the activist group .Distribuire volantini che promuovevano la ribellione armata ha portato a accuse di **sedizione** contro il gruppo attivista.

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suffrage

[sostantivo]

the right or privilege of casting a vote in public elections

suffragio

Ex: Universal suffrage ensures that all adult citizens have the right to vote.Il **suffragio** universale garantisce che tutti i cittadini adulti abbiano il diritto di voto.

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mandate

[sostantivo]

an official document that sets out a specific order or command to be carried out

mandato, decreto

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prerogative

[sostantivo]

an exclusive right or privilege held by a specific person or group, often due to official position or inheritance

prerogativa, privilegio esclusivo

Ex: Changing the school 's curriculum is the prerogative of the education board .Cambiare il curriculum scolastico è la **prerogativa** del consiglio dell'istruzione.

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ascendancy

[sostantivo]

a position of dominant power, influence, or control over others

ascendente, superiorità

Ex: With the rise of renewable energy , some predict the ascendancy of green technology over fossil fuels .Con l'ascesa delle energie rinnovabili, alcuni prevedono l'**egemonia** della tecnologia verde sui combustibili fossili.

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demotic

[aggettivo]

intended for or relating to ordinary people; popular or accessible in style

popolare, volgare

Ex: The festival had a demotic feel , with street food , music , and local crafts .Il festival aveva un'atmosfera **demotica**, con cibo di strada, musica e artigianato locale.

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ethnocentric

[aggettivo]

having a focus on a particular ethnic group, especially with the belief that it is superior or more important than others

etnocentrico, centrato sul proprio gruppo etnico

Ex: She challenged the ethnocentric narratives in her history class by introducing alternative viewpoints .Ha sfidato le narrazioni **etnocentriche** nella sua lezione di storia introducendo punti di vista alternativi.

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ivory tower

[sostantivo]

a situation or state in which someone does not know or wishes to avoid the unpleasant things that can normally happen to people in their ordinary lives

torre d'avorio, torre d'avorio

Ex: He needs to come down from his ivory tower and see how his policies affect everyday people .Deve scendere dalla sua **torre d'avorio** e vedere come le sue politiche influenzano la gente comune.

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to rule the roost

[Frase]

to be in control and have absolute power in a group or in a situation

farla da padrone

Ex: As the head of the household, he ruled the roost with a firm hand, ensuring that his decisions and rules were followed by all family members.

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schism

[sostantivo]

a division between a group of people caused by their disagreement over beliefs or views

scisma

Ex: The ideological schism between the two factions was evident in their conflicting statements .La **scissione** ideologica tra le due fazioni era evidente nelle loro dichiarazioni contrastanti.

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demagogue

[sostantivo]

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

demagogo

Ex: Democracy is vulnerable to the influence of demagogues who prioritize their own power over the welfare of the people .La democrazia è vulnerabile all'influenza dei **demagoghi** che antepongono il proprio potere al benessere del popolo.

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despot

[sostantivo]

a cruel ruler with absolute power

despota, tiranno

Ex: In history , many despots have been remembered for their brutal policies and disregard for human rights .Nella storia, molti **despoti** sono stati ricordati per le loro politiche brutali e il disprezzo per i diritti umani.

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beholden

[aggettivo]

indebted or obligated to someone because of a favor or kindness they have done

obbligato, debitore

Ex: The politician felt beholden to his supporters and worked tirelessly to fulfill their expectations .Il politico si sentiva **in debito** con i suoi sostenitori e lavorava senza sosta per soddisfare le loro aspettative.

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backlash

[sostantivo]

a strong, negative response, against a recent event, decision, or trend

reazione negativa, controrreazione

Ex: Backlash against the proposal delayed its implementation for months .**La reazione negativa** contro la proposta ne ha ritardato l'implementazione per mesi.

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milieu

[sostantivo]

the social or cultural setting or environment

ambiente

Ex: The rural countryside offered a tranquil milieu for those seeking refuge from the fast-paced urban lifestyle .La campagna rurale offriva un **ambiente** tranquillo per coloro che cercavano rifugio dallo stile di vita urbano frenetico.

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to change horses (in) midstream

[Frase]

to adopt a different policy in face of a difficult or unexpected problem

cambiare cavallo a metà

Ex: During contract negotiations, the union refused the owner's demand to substitute mediators, stating it was ill-advised to change horses midstream while both sides were still at the table.

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distaff

[aggettivo]

relating to women in general

femminile, materno

Ex: He admired the distaff strength shown during hard times.Lui ammirava la forza **femminile** mostrata durante i tempi difficili.

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Cambridge English: CPE (C2 Proficiency)

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