Cambridge English: CPE (C2 Proficiency) - Polityka i struktura społeczna
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people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

arystokracja, szlachta
belonging to the wealthy property-owning class that profits from and exploits the working class, as described in Marxist theory

burżuazyjny, kapitalistyczny
a secret plot, especially one designed to gain power or manipulate events behind the scenes

spisek, klika
a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

kasta, system kastowy
the collective body of clients served by a business, professional, or institution

klientela, baza klientów
a small, exclusive group of individuals who share similar interests, attitudes, or social status

klika
a government of politicians or military officers that forcefully obtained power

junta, rząd wojskowy
a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarchia, rządy małej grupy
a form of government or society in which power is held and influenced primarily by the wealthy or a small privileged class

plutokracja, rządy bogatych
the minimum number of people that must be present for a meeting to officially begin or for decisions to be made

kworum, minimalna wymagana liczba
a small, exclusive group of people with shared interests

koteria, ekskluzywna grupa
having no interest or involvement in politics

apolityczny, niezainteresowany polityką
to meet privately as a group to discuss strategy, make decisions, or select candidates

odbywać kaukus, spotykać się na kaukusie
an official and binding order or decision recorded by a court as if issued by a judge

dekret, nakaz sądowy
to divide voting districts in a way that would advantage a particular group or party more

manipulować okręgami wyborczymi, dzielić okręgi wyborcze w sposób korzystny
displaying support and favoritism toward a party or cause, usually without giving it much thought

stronniczy, partyjny
the act of rebellion or resistance against established authority, typically through speech or conduct

bunt, rewolta
the right or privilege of casting a vote in public elections

prawo wyborcze, prawo głosu
an official document that sets out a specific order or command to be carried out

mandat, dekret
an exclusive right or privilege held by a specific person or group, often due to official position or inheritance

prerogatywa, wyłączne prawo
a position of dominant power, influence, or control over others

przewaga, dominacja
intended for or relating to ordinary people; popular or accessible in style

popularny, potoczny
having a focus on a particular ethnic group, especially with the belief that it is superior or more important than others

etnocentryczny, skupiony na własnej grupie etnicznej
a situation or state in which someone does not know or wishes to avoid the unpleasant things that can normally happen to people in their ordinary lives

wieża z kości słoniowej, wieża z kości słoniowej
to be in control and have absolute power in a group or in a situation
a division between a group of people caused by their disagreement over beliefs or views

schizma, podział
a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

demagog, prowokator
a cruel ruler with absolute power

despota, tyran
indebted or obligated to someone because of a favor or kindness they have done

zobowiązany, wdzięczny
a strong, negative response, against a recent event, decision, or trend

negatywna reakcja, kontrreakcja
the social or cultural setting or environment

środowisko
to adopt a different policy in face of a difficult or unexpected problem
relating to women in general

żeński, matczyny
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