Cambridge IELTS 16 - Academic - Test 2 - Reading - Passage 1 (1)

a small item made of metal or plastic with words or a logo on it that a person carries to show their membership in an organization

to determine or figure out when something happened or was created

to categorize or organize something into specific groups or classifications

the period that began about 1100 BC when people used iron tools for the first time

causing a lot of strong public disagreement or discussion

difficult to understand or interpret

someone who studies or records historical events

relating or belonging to the time before history was recorded

a member of a male religious group that lives in a monastery

a place of residence for a community of nuns or monks that is smaller or less important compared to an abbey

placed on or over something else

to make something visible

shining or reflecting light in a bright way

to clean something thoroughly by scrubbing it hard with a rough or tough material

more than average, but not too much

to make a connection between someone or something and another in the mind

to put effort and energy into doing something

to remove items or obstacles, often to create a clear or open space

to reveal, uncover, or make visible something that was hidden or covered

the visible edge or contour that marks the limits of an object

strong evidence or proof that supports something, emphasizing its validity or significance

the state of happening or existing over a period of time without change or interruption

to cover a significant distance or expanse

a period of one thousand years, usually calculated from the year of the birth of Jesus Christ

using artistic forms and conventions to create effects; not natural or spontaneous

a creation that is a visual or tangible rendering of someone or something

streamlined in shape or design, reducing resistance and allowing for smooth, efficient movement or appearance

physically detached, especially where two parts are normally connected

to flow or move freely in the wind, like hair or fabric

having or resembling a beak

having a refined and graceful appearance or style

to become less intense and gradually diminish

all the parts of an area of land that can be seen at one time

to place something in a particular position or setting

(of a surface) having a sharp slope or angle, making it difficult to climb or walk up

a stretch of land forming part of a hill or mountain

the period when iron was not discovered and people used bronze to make tools

used typically before a date to show that it is not exact

a secular designation used to represent dates in the Gregorian calendar before the traditional reference point of the birth of Jesus Christ

a diagram or illustration that is used to show or explain something, such as a chart, graph, or drawing

a sloping surface or area of land that forms the side of a hill or mountain

happening at irregular intervals or spread far apart over various locations

very great in amount or number

(United Kingdom) a political division that has its own local government

a creature that is unusually large in size

a mark or an object formed by two short lines or pieces crossing each other

belonging to or concerning a regiment

a large design or drawing made on the ground, usually by arranging stones, removing soil, or shaping the land, so it can be seen clearly from above

a group of soft, white rock layers made mainly from the remains of tiny sea animals, often found in hills, cliffs, or underground

an area of open hills with chalk soil, usually covered in grass and found in southern England