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Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced) - Biologi, Genetika & Proses Kehidupan

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Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced)

[Kata benda]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

nukleus, inti sel

nukleus, inti sel

Ex: Mutations in genes within the nucleus can lead to genetic disorders and diseases , affecting the normal function of cells and tissues .Mutasi pada gen di dalam **nukleus** dapat menyebabkan gangguan genetik dan penyakit, mempengaruhi fungsi normal sel dan jaringan.

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[Kata benda]

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

metabolisme, proses metabolik

metabolisme, proses metabolik

Ex: Metabolism slows down with age, leading to changes in energy levels and body composition.**Metabolisme** melambat seiring bertambahnya usia, menyebabkan perubahan dalam tingkat energi dan komposisi tubuh.

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[Adjektiva]

related to evolution or the slow and gradual development of something

evolusioner

evolusioner

Ex: The evolutionary relationship between species can be inferred through comparative anatomy and DNA analysis .Hubungan **evolusioner** antar spesies dapat disimpulkan melalui anatomi komparatif dan analisis DNA.

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[Kata benda]

(biology) the slow and gradual development of living things throughout the history of the earth

evolusi

evolusi

Ex: Evolution has led to the incredible diversity of plants and animals we see on Earth today.**Evolusi** telah menyebabkan keanekaragaman tumbuhan dan hewan yang luar biasa yang kita lihat di Bumi saat ini.

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[Kata benda]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

genom

genom

Ex: Advances in genome editing technologies , like CRISPR , allow scientists to precisely modify the genetic material of organisms for research and therapeutic purposes .Kemajuan dalam teknologi penyuntingan **genom**, seperti CRISPR, memungkinkan para ilmuwan untuk memodifikasi material genetik organisme dengan presisi untuk tujuan penelitian dan terapeutik.

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[Kata benda]

(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features

mutasi, perubahan genetik

mutasi, perubahan genetik

Ex: Due to a mutation in his genes , the child was born with blue eyes , even though both parents had brown eyes .Karena sebuah **mutasi** pada gennya, anak itu lahir dengan mata biru, meskipun kedua orang tuanya memiliki mata cokelat.

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[Kata benda]

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

embrio, janin

embrio, janin

Ex: Ethical debates often arise around the use of human embryos in stem cell research and medical treatments .Debat etika sering muncul seputar penggunaan **embrio** manusia dalam penelitian sel punca dan perawatan medis.

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[Kata benda]

an animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties

hibrida, persilangan

hibrida, persilangan

Ex: The vineyard owner introduced a new grape hybrid to his collection, which produced a unique flavor profile ideal for winemaking.Pemilik kebun anggur memperkenalkan **hibrida** anggur baru ke koleksinya, yang menghasilkan profil rasa unik yang ideal untuk pembuatan anggur.

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[Kata benda]

a cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

klon, pengklonan

klon, pengklonan

Ex: By using a clone of the immune cells , the researchers aimed to develop a more effective treatment for the disease .Dengan menggunakan **klon** dari sel-sel kekebalan, para peneliti bertujuan untuk mengembangkan pengobatan yang lebih efektif untuk penyakit tersebut.

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[kata kerja]

(of a living being) to produce offspring or more of itself

berkembang biak, bereproduksi

berkembang biak, bereproduksi

Ex: Certain species reproduce asexually , without the need for a mate .Beberapa spesies **bereproduksi** secara aseksual, tanpa memerlukan pasangan.

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[Kata benda]

something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology

rangsangan, stimulus

rangsangan, stimulus

Ex: Teachers often use interactive and engaging stimuli, like educational games or hands-on activities , to stimulate interest and enhance the learning experience in the classroom .Guru sering menggunakan **stimulus** interaktif dan menarik, seperti permainan edukatif atau kegiatan praktis, untuk merangsang minat dan meningkatkan pengalaman belajar di kelas.

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[Kata benda]

the act of producing a substance that exists in living beings

sintesis

sintesis

Ex: The synthesis of DNA during cell replication ensures that genetic information is accurately passed on to new cells .**Sintesis** DNA selama replikasi sel memastikan bahwa informasi genetik diteruskan secara akurat ke sel-sel baru.

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[Kata benda]

the organic process through which a plant produces flowers

pembungaan, mekar

pembungaan, mekar

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[Kata benda]

all the different stages of grow and development of a living organism

siklus hidup, siklus biologis

siklus hidup, siklus biologis

Ex: The life cycle of mammals begins with birth and ends with death .**Siklus hidup** mamalia dimulai dengan kelahiran dan berakhir dengan kematian.

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[kata kerja]

to become limp or droopy, usually due to lack of water or loss of vitality

layu, merunduk

layu, merunduk

Ex: As the chef prepared the salad , they noticed the spinach leaves starting to wilt and quickly added dressing to revive them .Saat koki menyiapkan salad, dia memperhatikan daun bayam mulai **layu** dan cepat menambahkan saus untuk menyegarkannya kembali.

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[Kata benda]

the total amount of time that an organism, person, or object is alive or able to function

umur, jangka hidup

umur, jangka hidup

Ex: The lifespan of a building can be extended with regular maintenance .**Masa pakai** sebuah bangunan dapat diperpanjang dengan perawatan rutin.

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[kata kerja]

to receive traits or attributes from a previous generation through genetic inheritance

mewarisi, menerima melalui warisan

mewarisi, menerima melalui warisan

Ex: She inherited a tendency towards anxiety and depression from her maternal side of the family .Dia **mewarisi** kecenderungan terhadap kecemasan dan depresi dari pihak keluarga ibunya.

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gestation period

[Kata benda]

the duration between conception and birth during which an embryo or fetus develops in the uterus

periode kehamilan, masa kehamilan

periode kehamilan, masa kehamilan

Ex: Obstetricians use ultrasound measurements and last menstrual period dates to estimate a pregnant woman 's gestational age throughout the gestation period.Dokter kandungan menggunakan pengukuran ultrasonografi dan tanggal periode menstruasi terakhir untuk memperkirakan usia kehamilan seorang wanita hamil selama **periode kehamilan**.

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[Kata benda]

any tube structure inside the body through which blood can circulate, such as a vein, artery, etc.

pembuluh darah, pembuluh

pembuluh darah, pembuluh

Ex: The body 's network of blood vessels is essential for delivering nutrients and oxygen to every cell .Jaringan **pembuluh darah** tubuh sangat penting untuk mengantarkan nutrisi dan oksigen ke setiap sel.

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[Kata benda]

the flowing blood in a circulatory system, moving through vessels to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body

aliran darah, peredaran darah

aliran darah, peredaran darah

Ex: Chronic smoking allows toxic compounds to accumulate in the bloodstream and damage vital organs .Merokok kronis memungkinkan senyawa beracun menumpuk di **aliran darah** dan merusak organ vital.

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[Kata benda]

an organism's smallest unit, capable of functioning on its own

sel

sel

Ex: Cells are the building blocks of life , with each one containing a complex system of organelles and molecules .**Sel** adalah blok bangunan kehidupan, masing-masing mengandung sistem kompleks organel dan molekul.

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[Adjektiva]

relating to or consisting of cells, the basic structural units of living organisms or systems

seluler, berkaitan dengan sel

seluler, berkaitan dengan sel

Ex: Cellular communication is essential for coordinating functions within multicellular organisms .Komunikasi **seluler** sangat penting untuk mengkoordinasikan fungsi dalam organisme multiseluler.

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[Kata benda]

(anatomy) the outer layer of the anterior part of the brain, called cerebrum, containing gray matter

korteks, korteks serebral

korteks, korteks serebral

Ex: The somatosensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe , receives and processes sensory information from the skin , muscles , and joints .**Korteks** somatosensorik, yang terletak di lobus parietal, menerima dan memproses informasi sensorik dari kulit, otot, dan sendi.

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[Kata benda]

a substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth

nutrisi, zat gizi

nutrisi, zat gizi

Ex: Lack of certain nutrients can lead to health problems .Kekurangan **nutrisi** tertentu dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan.

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[Kata benda]

any organism that can cause diseases

patogen, agen penyebab penyakit

patogen, agen penyebab penyakit

Ex: The pathogen responsible for malaria is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito .**Patogen** yang bertanggung jawab atas malaria ditularkan ke manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk yang terinfeksi.

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[kata kerja]

to develop from a simple form to a more complex or sophisticated one over an extended period

berkembang, berevolusi

berkembang, berevolusi

Ex: Scientific theories evolve as new evidence and understanding emerge .Teori ilmiah **berkembang** seiring munculnya bukti dan pemahaman baru.

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[Kata benda]

the process of taming wild animals and developing them into pets or livestock through selective breeding and husbandry

penjinakan, domestikasi

penjinakan, domestikasi

Ex: Our backyard rabbits trace back to the medieval domestication of European hares for both meat and fur .Kelinci halaman belakang kami berasal dari **domestikasi** abad pertengahan kelinci Eropa untuk daging dan bulu.

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[Adjektiva]

related to the heart and blood vessels

kardiovaskular

kardiovaskular

Ex: Hypertension , or high blood pressure , is a common cardiovascular condition that can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke .Hipertensi, atau tekanan darah tinggi, adalah kondisi **kardiovaskular** umum yang dapat meningkatkan risiko serangan jantung dan stroke.

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[Kata benda]

(genetics) a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is located on a chromosome in a cell and controls a particular quality

gen, unit genetik

gen, unit genetik

Ex: The study revealed that some genes could influence intelligence .Studi mengungkapkan bahwa beberapa **gen** dapat mempengaruhi kecerdasan.

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Cambridge English: CAE (C1 Advanced)

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