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a site where large quantities of rock, stone, or minerals are extracted from the Earth's crust for industrial use or construction purposes
采石场, 石材矿
a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock, along which there has been significant displacement due to tectonic forces
断层, 断裂带
a type of fine-grained sedimentary rock made from compacted clay or mud particles, known for its ability to split into thin layers
页岩
a type of dark, fine-grained igneous rock formed from cooled lava, characterized by its dense composition and typically dark gray to black color
玄武岩
a durable and visually appealing natural rock used for countertops, flooring, and other architectural applications
花岗岩, 天然花岗岩
a fossilized organism that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found, typically indicative of a particular time period in Earth's geological history
指标化石, 指示化石
a method used to determine the age of rocks and minerals by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes present in them
辐射性测年, 放射性同位素测定方法
related to rocks transformed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes, altering their mineral composition and texture
变质的, 与变质相关的
the byproduct of smelting ore that forms a glass-like material, often found as a residue in mining and metalworking activities
矿渣, 炉渣
the period of time from about 252 to 66 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs and the gradual breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea
中生代
a mineral with a greenish hue, commonly found in igneous rocks like basalt and peridotite, known for its high magnesium and iron content
橄榄石, 矿物橄榄石
a group of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, typically dark in color and composed of silica, magnesium, and iron
辉石
a group of minerals that are the most abundant components in the Earth's crust, known for their hardness and varied colors, often used in ceramics and glassmaking
长石
a type of rock formed from clay minerals that have been compressed and hardened over time, creating a dense and often smooth-textured material
页岩石
a scientist who studies the Earth's structure, composition, processes, and history, including rocks, minerals, fossils, and geological phenomena
地质学家
a scientist who specializes in the study of earthquakes and seismic waves, investigating their causes, effects, and patterns
地震学家
the point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus of an earthquake where its effects are felt most strongly
震中
a type of broad, gently sloping volcano formed by the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava
盾状火山, 盾形火山
a branch of geology that focuses on the study of volcanoes, volcanic activity, and related phenomena
火山学
liquid or semi-liquid rock that exists under the earth's surface with an extremely hot temperature
岩浆
a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption
火山口, 火山环形坑
a tough type of rock that starts as sandstone but changes under intense heat and pressure underground, becoming very hard and durable
石英岩
particles of rock, minerals, or organic materials that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, and deposited in layers on the Earth's surface
沉积物, 沉淀物
a visible exposure of rock or geological strata at the Earth's surface, often occurring on hillsides, cliffs, or other elevated areas, providing insight into the underlying geological structure
岩石露头, 地质露出
a large, bowl-shaped depression or low-lying area on the Earth's surface, typically surrounded by higher landforms and often filled with sedimentary deposits
盆地, 洼地
the thick, buoyant part of the Earth's crust that forms the continents, composed mainly of granitic rocks and less dense than oceanic crust
大陆地壳, 大陸地殼
a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle
俯冲, 俯冲构造
the region of the Earth's interior, lying beneath the crust and extending to the outer core, composed of solid rock that can deform and flow over geological time scales
地幔
a hard gray or white rock that contains calcium and is used for making cement or as a building material
石灰岩, 石灰石
a soft, white clay mineral formed from the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks, used widely in ceramics, paper production, and as a filler in some medications
高岭土
