Any sentence that asks a question is in the interrogative mood, and questions can be referred to as interrogatives. Interrogative clauses are typically used to elicit information and can be either affirmative or negative in nature.
Questions can be categorized based on their word order or inversion:

Inversion is a grammatical technique used to form questions by inverting the normal word order of a sentence. In English, the normal sentence order is subject-verb-object (SVO), where the subject typically comes before the verb. However, in interrogative sentences, we often invert the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb, with the auxiliary verb coming before the subject. The following types of question are formed by inverting word order of the sentence:

To form a yes-no question, you typically need to place the auxiliary verb at the beginning of the sentence. This involves changing the position of the subject and auxiliary verb, so that the auxiliary verb comes first. Pay attention to the examples:

Remember to use a question mark, at the end of the interrogative sentence.

To make a wh-question you will need a wh-word, which can be:

To form wh-questions, we typically begin the sentence with a wh-word which is used to ask for specific information or clarification. After the wh-word, we use a yes-no question.
Pay attention to the examples:

An alternative question is a type of interrogative sentence that is used to present a choice between two or more options. These questions are often used to clarify preferences or to make decisions.
To form an alternative question, we typically use a conjunctions such as 'or' to link the options together. Check out the examples:

As you can see, we can make alternative questions with 'or not' at the end of the interrogative clause. 'Alternative questions' are also known as nexus questions, closed questions, choice questions, either-or questions, and multiple-choice interrogatives. Alternative interrogatives mostly end in falling intonation.

Tags are a type of interrogative sentence used to confirm or clarify information. They are often used when the speaker is uncertain about the truth of a statement or wants to check whether the listener agrees with what has been said. There are three types of tags:

Question tags typically follow a specific word order, with an auxiliary verb at the beginning of the tag followed by a pronoun. The auxiliary and pronoun follow from the main clause.
Question tags often follow a specific pattern. If the statement is affirmative, the tag is negative, and if the statement is negative, the tag is typically affirmative.
Here are some examples:

Imperative tags combine an imperative clause with a mini-question, in order to give orders or instructions in a polite or persuasive way. The auxiliary used in imperative tags can be will, would, can, or could. Look at the examples:

In English, there are certain words that can be used to seek approval or agreement in an informal way. These words, such as 'yeah', 'no', 'right', and 'yes', are typically used at the end of a statement to create a one-word question.

In some cases, people may shorten a question when it is related to a previous conversation between the parties, and both understand the context and topic being discussed, so it will not cause any confusion.
Follow-up questions are used immediately after a statement made by someone else. These questions are used to seek clarification or to ask for more information about the topic being discussed. Here are some examples:

As you can see, sometimes 'follow-up' are used to show that you are interested in something the speaker is talking about.

A two-step question is a type of question that allows the speaker to ask for clarification and provide options at the same time. This structure can be useful when seeking more information about a topic or when trying to obtain a specific piece of information.
The first step of a two-step question is typically used to clarify or specify what information is being sought. The second step of a two-step question is typically used to provide options and ask the speaker for a more specific response. Take a look at the following examples:

Sometimes you ask two yes/no questions in quick succession. In this case, the first question is typically used to confirm or establish a general understanding of the topic, and the second question is used to obtain more specific information or clarification. For example:

Sometimes the second part of two-step questions gives the listener some options to limit the answers and make a suggestion.

In informal contexts, it is common to reduce the length of wh-questions. This is because the speaker assumes that the listener already knows the context and the information being referred to. For example:

In some cases, a question can be formed without inverting the subject and auxiliary. The following question types can be non-inverted:

When the wh-word is asking about something other than the subject, it can remain in its original position, after the verb. What distinguishes these questions from echo questions is that they are genuinely seeking information rather than repeating what was said. However, this usage is limited to special contexts, such as interrogations and quizzes. Here are some examples:

Another case that allows formation of wh-questions without inversion is when the interrogative pronouns "what," "who," and "which" are used to ask about the subject. In such cases, they simply appear in the subject position and are followed by the verb. For example:

A statement question is a type of sentence structure that combines the declarative and interrogative forms and is used to express surprise, disbelief, or shock about a situation or information that has been presented.
Statement questions can be either affirmative or negative statements, and typically do not require an inversion to create the interrogative form. Take a look at the examples:

An echo question is a type of interrogative sentence that is used to repeat part or all of something someone has just said. This may be because the speaker did not hear it all, is surprised by the information, or cannot believe what was said. Echo questions are typically formed as declarative statements with an added interrogative word at the end.
In some cases, the interrogative word may be used at the beginning of the sentence, to prompt the speaker to remember a particular piece of information. Take a look at the examples:

When using an echo question, it is important to use a rising intonation pattern, with emphasis on the interrogative word. This intonation pattern helps to convey a sense of surprise, disbelief, or uncertainty, and signals to the listener that the speaker is seeking clarification or confirmation of the information that was presented.

In spoken English, it is common to use shortened questions instead of complete clauses. Shortened questions can take various forms, including clauses, phrases, or even single words. For example: