العلوم ACT - الكيمياء الحيوية وبنية الخلية

a substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber

a natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks

(biochemistry) a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for cells in the body

a short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body

a type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity

a biological molecule, usually a protein, that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

a simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed

a fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

a substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances

(biochemistry) an oily or fatty molecule that does not dissolve in water and is a key building block of cell membranes

relating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

a thin layer of living tissue that covers, lines, connects, or separates parts of an organism

a group of similar cells that work together to form a particular part of a human, animal, or plant

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

a branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals

(biology) taking place inside one cell or more

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

a layer of actively dividing cells in plants, responsible for secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem tissues