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Vetenskap ACT - Biokemi och cellstruktur

Lär dig ACT-vetenskapsvokabulär för biokemi och cellstruktur, inklusive proteiner, enzymer, membran, organeller, metabolism och cellulära processer.

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ACT Vocabulary for Science
cellulose
cellulose
[Substantiv]

a substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber

cellulosa, kostfiber

cellulosa, kostfiber

Ex: The nutritionist recommends consuming foods rich in cellulose for added dietary fiber. 

Dietisten rekommenderar att konsumera livsmedel rika på cellulosa för extra kostfiber.

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fructose
fructose
[Substantiv]

a natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks

fruktos, fruktsocker

fruktos, fruktsocker

Ex: The body processes fructose differently than other sugars like glucose. 

Kroppen bearbetar fruktos annorlunda än andra sockerarter som glukos.

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glucose
glucose
[Substantiv]

(biochemistry) a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for cells in the body

glukos, druvsocker

glukos, druvsocker

Ex: Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis from sunlight and water. 
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peptide
peptide
[Substantiv]

a short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body

peptid, kort kedja av aminosyror

peptid, kort kedja av aminosyror

Ex: Some peptides act as hormones, influencing various physiological processes in the body. 

Vissa peptider fungerar som hormoner och påverkar olika fysiologiska processer i kroppen.

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carotenoid
carotenoid
[Substantiv]

a type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity

karotenoid, karotenoidpigment

karotenoid, karotenoidpigment

Ex: Tomatoes are rich in lycopene, a carotenoid known for its potential health benefits. 

Tomater är rika på lykopen, en karotenoid känd för sina potentiella hälsofördelar.

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enzyme
enzyme
[Substantiv]

a biological molecule, usually a protein, that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

enzym, ferment

enzym, ferment

Ex: High temperatures can reduce the activity of some enzymes. 
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proteome
proteome
[Substantiv]

the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions

proteom, hela uppsättningen av proteiner

proteom, hela uppsättningen av proteiner

Ex: Advances in proteomics have allowed researchers to map the human proteome more comprehensively. 

Framsteg inom proteomik har gjort det möjligt för forskare att kartlägga det mänskliga proteomet mer omfattande.

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nucleotide
nucleotide
[Substantiv]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nukleotid

nukleotid

Ex: The energy currency of cells, ATP, is a nucleotide with three phosphate groups. 

Cellernas energivaluta, ATP, är en nukleotid med tre fosfatgrupper.

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monosaccharide
monosaccharide
[Substantiv]

a simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed

monosackarid

monosackarid

Ex: Cells use monosaccharides as a primary energy source. 

Celler använder monosackarider som en primär energikälla.

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glutamate
glutamate
[Substantiv]

a fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

glutamat, en grundläggande förening härledd från glutaminsyra

glutamat, en grundläggande förening härledd från glutaminsyra

Ex: Glutamate receptors on nerve cells play a significant role in learning and memory processes. 

Glutamatreceptorer på nervceller spelar en betydande roll i inlärnings- och minnesprocesser.

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antioxidant
antioxidant
[Substantiv]

a substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances

antioxidant

antioxidant

Ex: The walnuts were a good source of antioxidants, making them a heart-healthy snack option. 

Valnötterna var en bra källa till antioxidanter, vilket gjorde dem till ett hjärtvänligt mellanmål.

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lipid
lipid
[Substantiv]

(biochemistry) an oily or fatty molecule that does not dissolve in water and is a key building block of cell membranes

lipid,  fett

lipid, fett

Ex: Lipids store energy and help insulate the body against cold. 
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mitochondrial
mitochondrial
[adjektiv]

relating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production

mitokondriell,  som rör mitokondrier

mitokondriell, som rör mitokondrier

Ex: Mitochondrial transplantation is a medical procedure aimed at replacing dysfunctional mitochondria with healthy ones. 

Mitokondriell transplantation är en medicinsk procedur som syftar till att ersätta dysfunktionella mitokondrier med friska.

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cytoplasm
cytoplasm
[Substantiv]

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

cytoplasma, cytoplasmatisk substans

cytoplasma, cytoplasmatisk substans

Ex: Cellular respiration, a vital energy-producing process, occurs in the cytoplasm. 

Cellulär andning, en vital energiproducerande process, sker i cytoplasman.

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chlorophyll
chlorophyll
[Substantiv]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

klorofyll, grönt pigment

klorofyll, grönt pigment

Ex: The study of chlorophyll and its variants contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind photosynthesis. 

Studiet av klorofyll och dess varianter bidrar till vår förståelse av de molekylära mekanismerna bakom fotosyntesen.

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membrane
membrane
[Substantiv]

a thin layer of living tissue that covers, lines, connects, or separates parts of an organism

membran,  hinna

membran, hinna

Ex: The doctor examined the membrane covering the front of Daniel's eye. 
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tissue
tissue
[Substantiv]

a group of similar cells that work together to form a particular part of a human, animal, or plant

vävnad,  biologisk vävnad

vävnad, biologisk vävnad

Ex: Scar tissue formed around the old wound. 
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Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
[Substantiv]

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Golgiapparaten, Golgikomplexet

Golgiapparaten, Golgikomplexet

Ex: Plant cells utilize the Golgi apparatus to produce cell wall components and other essential biomolecules. 

Växtceller använder Golgi-apparaten för att producera cellväggskomponenter och andra väsentliga biomolekyler.

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ribosome
ribosome
[Substantiv]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribosom

ribosom

Ex: Antibiotics like tetracycline and streptomycin target bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis. 

Antibiotika som tetracyklin och streptomycin riktar in sig på bakteriella ribosomer, vilket hämmar proteinsyntesen.

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lysosome
lysosome
[Substantiv]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lysosom, enzymfylld vesikel

lysosom, enzymfylld vesikel

Ex: The acidic environment within lysosomes aids in the optimal functioning of their digestive enzymes. 

Den sura miljön inuti lysosomer bidrar till deras matsmältningsenzymer optimala funktion.

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vacuole
vacuole
[Substantiv]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

vakuol, vesikel

vakuol, vesikel

Ex: In some plant tissues, vacuoles store toxic substances to deter herbivores. 

I vissa vävnader hos växter lagrar vakuoler giftiga ämnen för att avskräcka herbivorer.

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nucleus
nucleus
[Substantiv]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

cellkärna, nucleus

cellkärna, nucleus

Ex: The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell division, as it coordinates the replication and distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. 
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chloroplast
chloroplast
[Substantiv]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

kloroplast, fotosyntetiskt organell

kloroplast, fotosyntetiskt organell

Ex: Chloroplasts play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 

Kloroplaster spelar en avgörande roll för att upprätthålla balansen mellan syre och koldioxid i atmosfären.

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cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
[Substantiv]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

cytoskelett, cellskelett

cytoskelett, cellskelett

Ex: During cell migration, the cytoskeleton helps cells move and change shape by extending protrusions. 

Under cellmigration hjälper cytoskelettet celler att röra sig och ändra form genom att sträcka ut utskott.

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morphology
morphology
[Substantiv]

a branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals

morfologi, vetenskaplig studie av organismernas form och struktur

morfologi, vetenskaplig studie av organismernas form och struktur

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intracellular
intracellular
[adjektiv]

(biology) taking place inside one cell or more

intracellulär

intracellulär

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organelle
organelle
[Substantiv]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

organell, cellorganell

organell, cellorganell

Ex: The plasma membrane, though not always called an organelle, is a vital cellular boundary. 

Plasmamembranet, även om det inte alltid kallas organell, är en vital cellulär gräns.

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cambium
cambium
[Substantiv]

a layer of actively dividing cells in plants, responsible for secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem tissues

kambium, bildningsvävnad

kambium, bildningsvävnad

Ex: The activity of the cambium layer allows perennial plants to increase in girth and withstand environmental stresses. 

Aktiviteten i kambium-skiktet gör att fleråriga växter kan öka i omkrets och motstå miljöstress.

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