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Sciences ACT - Biochimie et structure cellulaire

Apprenez le vocabulaire scientifique de l'ACT pour la biochimie et la structure cellulaire, y compris les protéines, les enzymes, les membranes, les organites, le métabolisme et les processus cellulaires.

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ACT Vocabulary for Science
cellulose

a substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber

cellulose, fibre végétale

cellulose, fibre végétale

Ex: Cellulose provides rigidity and strength to plant cells. 

La cellulose confère rigidité et résistance aux cellules végétales.

fructose

a natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks

fructose, lévulose

fructose, lévulose

Ex: High-fructose corn syrup is a sweetener derived from fructose. 

Le sirop de maïs à haute teneur en fructose est un édulcorant dérivé du fructose.

glucose
glucose
[nom]

(biochemistry) a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for cells in the body

glucose

glucose

Ex: The brain relies almost entirely on glucose to function properly. 
peptide
peptide
[nom]

a short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body

peptide, chaîne courte d'acides aminés

peptide, chaîne courte d'acides aminés

Ex: Peptides play crucial roles in cell communication and metabolic regulation. 

Les peptides jouent un rôle crucial dans la communication cellulaire et la régulation métabolique.

carotenoid

a type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity

caroténoïde, pigment caroténoïde

caroténoïde, pigment caroténoïde

Ex: Carotenoids in leaves help protect the plant cells from damage caused by excessive sunlight. 

Les caroténoïdes dans les feuilles aident à protéger les cellules végétales des dommages causés par une lumière excessive.

enzyme
enzyme
[nom]

a biological molecule, usually a protein, that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

enzyme

enzyme

Ex: This enzyme converts starch into sugar. 
proteome

the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions

protéome, l'ensemble des protéines

protéome, l'ensemble des protéines

Ex: Understanding the brain's proteome is essential for unraveling complex neurological disorders. 

Comprendre le protéome du cerveau est essentiel pour démêler les troubles neurologiques complexes.

nucleotide

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nucléotide

nucléotide

Ex: The backbone of DNA and RNA is formed by sugar and phosphate molecules in nucleotides. 

L'épine dorsale de l'ADN et de l'ARN est formée par des molécules de sucre et de phosphate dans les nucléotides.

monosaccharide

a simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

Ex: Rapid absorption of monosaccharides provides quick energy. 

L'absorption rapide des monosaccharides fournit une énergie rapide.

glutamate

a fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

glutamate, un composé fondamental dérivé de l'acide glutamique

glutamate, un composé fondamental dérivé de l'acide glutamique

Ex: Glutamate is a key component in the umami flavor, contributing to the richness of foods like Parmesan cheese and mushrooms. 

Le glutamate est un composant clé de la saveur umami, contribuant à la richesse des aliments comme le fromage Parmesan et les champignons.

antioxidant

a substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances

antioxydant

antioxydant

Ex: The walnuts were a good source of antioxidants, making them a heart-healthy snack option. 

Les noix étaient une bonne source d'antioxydants, ce qui en faisait une option de collation saine pour le cœur.

lipid
lipid
[nom]

(biochemistry) an oily or fatty molecule that does not dissolve in water and is a key building block of cell membranes

lipide

lipide

Ex: Butter and olive oil are rich sources of dietary lipids. 
mitochondrial
mitochondrial
[Adjectif]

relating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production

mitochondrial,  mitochondriale

mitochondrial, mitochondriale

Ex: The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, occurs within the mitochondrial matrix. 

Le cycle de Krebs, également connu sous le nom de cycle de l'acide citrique, se produit dans la matrice mitochondriale.

cytoplasm

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

cytoplasme, substance cytoplasmique

cytoplasme, substance cytoplasmique

Ex: It is a gel-like substance that houses various organelles, allowing them to float within the cell. 

C'est une substance semblable à un gel qui abrite divers organites, leur permettant de flotter à l'intérieur de la cellule.

chlorophyll

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

chlorophylle

chlorophylle

Ex: In photosynthesis, chlorophyll captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy for the synthesis of glucose. 

Dans la photosynthèse, la chlorophylle capte la lumière du soleil et la convertit en énergie chimique pour la synthèse du glucose.

membrane

a thin layer of living tissue that covers, lines, connects, or separates parts of an organism

membrane

membrane

Ex: Emma developed inflammation in the membrane lining her chest cavity. 
tissue
tissue
[nom]

a group of similar cells that work together to form a particular part of a human, animal, or plant

tissu

tissu

Ex: The surgeon removed a small sample of tissue for testing. 
Golgi apparatus

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Appareil de Golgi, Complexe de Golgi

Appareil de Golgi, Complexe de Golgi

Ex: The Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in sorting and directing proteins to their designated cellular locations. 

L'appareil de Golgi joue un rôle crucial dans le tri et l'orientation des protéines vers leurs emplacements cellulaires désignés.

ribosome

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribosome

ribosome

Ex: Ribosomes play a fundamental role in cellular activities by producing the diverse proteins required for cell structure and function. 

Les ribosomes jouent un rôle fondamental dans les activités cellulaires en produisant les diverses protéines nécessaires à la structure et à la fonction de la cellule.

lysosome

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lysosome, vésicule enzymatique

lysosome, vésicule enzymatique

Ex: Digestive enzymes within lysosomes are capable of breaking down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. 

Les enzymes digestives dans les lysosomes sont capables de décomposer les protéines, les lipides, les glucides et les acides nucléiques.

vacuole
vacuole
[nom]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

vacuole, vésicule

vacuole, vésicule

Ex: In plant cells, the central vacuole stores water and helps maintain cell turgor pressure. 

Dans les cellules végétales, la vacuole centrale stocke l'eau et aide à maintenir la pression de turgescence de la cellule.

nucleus
nucleus
[nom]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

noyau

noyau

Ex: The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which controls the passage of materials into and out of the nucleus. 
chloroplast

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

chloroplaste, organite photosynthétique

chloroplaste, organite photosynthétique

Ex: Chloroplasts have a double membrane structure and an inner membrane system called thylakoids, where the light-dependent reactions occur. 

Les chloroplastes ont une structure à double membrane et un système de membrane interne appelé thylakoïdes, où se produisent les réactions dépendantes de la lumière.

cytoskeleton

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

cytosquelette, squelette cellulaire

cytosquelette, squelette cellulaire

Ex: Intermediate filaments, part of the cytoskeleton, provide mechanical strength to cells and tissues. 

Les filaments intermédiaires, faisant partie du cytosquelette, confèrent une résistance mécanique aux cellules et aux tissus.

morphology

a branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals

morphologie

morphologie

intracellular
intracellular
[Adjectif]

(biology) taking place inside one cell or more

intracellulaire

intracellulaire

organelle

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

organite, organelle

organite, organelle

Ex: Mitochondria, energy-producing organelles, generate ATP through cellular respiration. 

Les mitochondries, des organites producteurs d'énergie, génèrent de l'ATP par la respiration cellulaire.

cambium
cambium
[nom]

a layer of actively dividing cells in plants, responsible for secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem tissues

cambium, assise génératrice

cambium, assise génératrice

Ex: Cork cambium produces cork cells in the outer bark of woody plants, providing protection and insulation. 

Le cambium produit des cellules de liège dans l'écorce externe des plantes ligneuses, offrant protection et isolation.

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