a substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber
纤维素, 膳食纤维
纤维素为植物细胞提供刚性和强度。
a natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks
果糖, 水果糖
高果糖玉米糖浆是一种从果糖中提取的甜味剂。
a basic kind of sugar that is a component of carbohydrates and provides energy for many living organisms
葡萄糖
a short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body
肽, 氨基酸的短链
肽在细胞通讯和代谢调节中起着至关重要的作用。
a type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity
类胡萝卜素, 类胡萝卜素色素
叶子中的类胡萝卜素有助于保护植物细胞免受过度阳光造成的损害。
a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself
酶
the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions
蛋白质组, 完整的蛋白质集合
理解大脑的蛋白质组对于揭示复杂的神经系统疾病至关重要。
a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
核苷酸
DNA和RNA的骨架由核苷酸中的糖和磷酸分子形成。
a simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed
单糖
单糖的快速吸收提供快速能量。
a fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
谷氨酸盐, 一种从谷氨酸衍生的基本化合物，对生物功能至关重要，并以其在中枢神经系统中的神经递质作用而闻名
谷氨酸是鲜味的关键成分，有助于帕尔马干酪和蘑菇等食物的丰富口感。
a substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances
抗氧化剂
蓝莓富含抗氧化剂，有助于保护身体免受自由基的侵害。
any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids
脂类, 脂肪
relating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production
线粒体的，与线粒体有关的
克雷布斯循环，也称为柠檬酸循环，发生在线粒体基质内。
the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
细胞质, 细胞质物质
它是一种凝胶状物质，容纳各种细胞器，使它们能够在细胞内漂浮。
a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
叶绿素, 绿色色素
在光合作用中，叶绿素捕捉阳光并将其转化为化学能用于葡萄糖的合成。
a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism
膜, 薄膜
覆盖肺部的薄膜对呼吸至关重要。
a group of cells in the body of living things, forming their different parts
组织, 细胞组织
医生在显微镜下检查了组织以确定是否存在任何异常。
a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
高尔基体, 高尔基复合体
高尔基体在将蛋白质分类并引导至其指定的细胞位置中起着至关重要的作用。
a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
核糖体
核糖体通过生产细胞结构和功能所需的各种蛋白质，在细胞活动中发挥基本作用。
a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
溶酶体, 充满酶的小囊
溶酶体内的消化酶能够分解蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物和核酸。
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
液泡, 小泡
在植物细胞中，中央液泡储存水分并帮助维持细胞的膨胀压力。
(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information
细胞核, 核
细胞核被一层称为核膜的双层膜包围，控制物质进出细胞核。
a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
叶绿体, 光合细胞器
叶绿体具有双膜结构和称为类囊体的内膜系统，光依赖反应在那里发生。
a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
细胞骨架, 细胞支架
中间丝，作为细胞骨架的一部分，为细胞和组织提供机械强度。
a branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals
形态学, 对生物形态和结构的科学研究
