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Agham ACT - Biyokimika at istruktura ng selula

Matutunan ang ACT science vocabulary para sa biochemistry at cell structure, kabilang ang mga protina, enzyme, lamad, organelles, metabolismo, at mga prosesong cellular.

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ACT Vocabulary for Science
cellulose
cellulose
[Pangngalan]

a substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber

selulusa, diyetaryong hibla

selulusa, diyetaryong hibla

Ex: Plants utilize cellulose as a structural component in their cell walls. 

Ginagamit ng mga halaman ang cellulose bilang isang structural component sa kanilang mga cell wall.

fructose
fructose
[Pangngalan]

a natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks

pruktosa, asukal ng prutas

pruktosa, asukal ng prutas

Ex: Fruits contain fructose, contributing to their natural sweetness. 

Ang mga prutas ay naglalaman ng fructose, na nag-aambag sa kanilang natural na tamis.

glucose
glucose
[Pangngalan]

(biochemistry) a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for cells in the body

glukosa, glucose

glukosa, glucose

Ex: Glucose enters your bloodstream after you eat carbohydrates. 
peptide
peptide
[Pangngalan]

a short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body

peptide, maikling kadena ng mga amino acid

peptide, maikling kadena ng mga amino acid

Ex: Scientists synthesized a peptide to study its potential as a new therapeutic drug. 

Ang mga siyentipiko ay nagsynthesize ng isang peptide upang pag-aralan ang potensyal nito bilang isang bagong therapeutic na gamot.

carotenoid
carotenoid
[Pangngalan]

a type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity

carotenoid, pigmentong carotenoid

carotenoid, pigmentong carotenoid

Ex: The vivid orange color of carrots is due to the high concentration of carotenoids in their tissues. 

Ang matingkad na kulay kahel ng mga karot ay dahil sa mataas na konsentrasyon ng carotenoid sa kanilang mga tisyu.

enzyme
enzyme
[Pangngalan]

a biological molecule, usually a protein, that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

enzyme, ensima

enzyme, ensima

Ex: Digestive enzymes help break food down into smaller molecules. 
proteome
proteome
[Pangngalan]

the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions

proteome, buong hanay ng mga protina

proteome, buong hanay ng mga protina

Ex: Scientists used mass spectrometry to analyze the proteome of cancer cells, identifying potential biomarkers for early detection. 

Ginamit ng mga siyentipiko ang mass spectrometry upang suriin ang proteome ng mga cancer cell, na nakikilala ang mga potensyal na biomarker para sa maagang pagtuklas.

nucleotide
nucleotide
[Pangngalan]

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nucleotide

nucleotide

Ex: The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines genetic information. 

Ang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga nucleotide sa DNA ay nagtatakda ng genetic na impormasyon.

monosaccharide
monosaccharide
[Pangngalan]

a simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

Ex: The body metabolizes carbohydrates into monosaccharides for energy. 

Ang katawan ay nagme-metabolize ng carbohydrates sa monosaccharides para sa enerhiya.

glutamate
glutamate
[Pangngalan]

a fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

glutamate, isang pangunahing compound na nagmula sa glutamic acid

glutamate, isang pangunahing compound na nagmula sa glutamic acid

Ex: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular food additive used to enhance the savory taste of dishes. 

Ang monosodium glutamate (glutamate) ay isang popular na food additive na ginagamit upang mapahusay ang malinamnam na lasa ng mga pagkain.

antioxidant
antioxidant
[Pangngalan]

a substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances

antioxidant

antioxidant

Ex: The blueberries were rich in antioxidants, which helped protect the body against free radicals. 

Ang mga blueberry ay mayaman sa antioxidants, na tumulong sa pagprotekta sa katawan laban sa mga free radicals.

lipid
lipid
[Pangngalan]

(biochemistry) an oily or fatty molecule that does not dissolve in water and is a key building block of cell membranes

lipid,  taba

lipid, taba

Ex: Lipids make up the outer barrier of every cell in your body. 
mitochondrial
mitochondrial
[pang-uri]

relating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production

mitochondrial,  nauugnay sa mitochondria

mitochondrial, nauugnay sa mitochondria

Ex: Mitochondrial diseases can result from mutations in genes within the mitochondrial DNA. 

Ang mga sakit na mitochondrial ay maaaring resulta ng mga mutasyon sa mga gene sa loob ng mitochondrial DNA.

cytoplasm
cytoplasm
[Pangngalan]

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

sitoplasma, substansyang sitoplasmiko

sitoplasma, substansyang sitoplasmiko

Ex: Cytoplasm fills the interior of a cell, serving as a supportive medium for cellular structures and activities. 

Ang cytoplasm ay pumupuno sa loob ng isang selula, na nagsisilbing suportang daluyan para sa mga istruktura at gawain ng selula.

chlorophyll
chlorophyll
[Pangngalan]

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

kloropil, berdeng pigmento

kloropil, berdeng pigmento

Ex: Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of plants, reflecting its role in photosynthesis. 

Ang chlorophyll ang responsable sa berdeng kulay ng mga halaman, na sumasalamin sa papel nito sa photosynthesis.

membrane
membrane
[Pangngalan]

a thin layer of living tissue that covers, lines, connects, or separates parts of an organism

membrana,  lamad

membrana, lamad

Ex: The surgeon carefully lifted the membrane covering the organ. 
tissue
tissue
[Pangngalan]

a group of similar cells that work together to form a particular part of a human, animal, or plant

tisyu,  himaymay

tisyu, himaymay

Ex: Muscle tissue can be damaged by a serious injury. 
Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
[Pangngalan]

a cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae

Aparatong Golgi, Komplexong Golgi

Aparatong Golgi, Komplexong Golgi

Ex: The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins, ensuring they are properly shaped and functional. 

Ang Golgi apparatus ay nagbabago at nagpa-pack ng mga protina, tinitiyak na ang mga ito ay wastong hugis at gumagana.

ribosome
ribosome
[Pangngalan]

a tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA

ribosome

ribosome

Ex: Ribosomes are the cellular factories responsible for building proteins, essential for various biological functions. 

Ang mga ribosome ay ang mga cellular factory na responsable sa pagbuo ng mga protina, mahalaga para sa iba't ibang biological function.

lysosome
lysosome
[Pangngalan]

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

lysosome, maliit na sako na puno ng enzyme

lysosome, maliit na sako na puno ng enzyme

Ex: Lysosomes act as the "recycling centers" of cells, breaking down and digesting cellular waste materials. 

Ang mga lysosome ay gumaganap bilang mga «recycling center» ng mga selula, na nagwawasak at nagtutunaw ng mga basurang selular.

vacuole
vacuole
[Pangngalan]

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

bakuola, maliliit na sisidlan

bakuola, maliliit na sisidlan

Ex: Vacuoles in plant cells may contain pigments, giving flowers and fruits their vibrant colors. 

Ang vacuoles sa mga selula ng halaman ay maaaring maglaman ng mga pigment, na nagbibigay sa mga bulaklak at prutas ng kanilang makukulay na kulay.

nucleus
nucleus
[Pangngalan]

(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information

nukleo, nucleus

nukleo, nucleus

Ex: The nucleus of a cell contains genetic material in the form of DNA, which regulates cellular activities. 
chloroplast
chloroplast
[Pangngalan]

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

kloroplast, organel ng potosintesis

kloroplast, organel ng potosintesis

Ex: Chloroplasts are the green structures in plant cells where photosynthesis, the process of converting light into energy, takes place. 

Ang chloroplasts ay ang mga berdeng istruktura sa mga selula ng halaman kung saan nagaganap ang photosynthesis, ang proseso ng pag-convert ng liwanag sa enerhiya.

cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton
[Pangngalan]

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

cytoskeleton, balangkas ng selula

cytoskeleton, balangkas ng selula

Ex: The cytoskeleton acts like a cell's internal scaffolding, maintaining its shape and structural integrity. 

Ang cytoskeleton ay kumikilos tulad ng panloob na scaffolding ng isang selula, na nagpapanatili ng hugis at integridad ng istruktura nito.

morphology
morphology
[Pangngalan]

a branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals

morpolohiya, siyentipikong pag-aaral ng anyo at istruktura ng mga organismo

morpolohiya, siyentipikong pag-aaral ng anyo at istruktura ng mga organismo

intracellular
intracellular
[pang-uri]

(biology) taking place inside one cell or more

intraselular

intraselular

organelle
organelle
[Pangngalan]

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

organelo, bahagi ng selula

organelo, bahagi ng selula

Ex: The nucleus, an organelle housing genetic material, regulates cell activities. 

Ang nucleus, isang organelle na naglalaman ng genetic material, ay nagreregula ng mga aktibidad ng selula.

cambium
cambium
[Pangngalan]

a layer of actively dividing cells in plants, responsible for secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem tissues

kambiyo, tisyu ng paglago

kambiyo, tisyu ng paglago

Ex: The vascular cambium in trees adds layers of wood and bark each year, contributing to trunk growth. 

Ang cambium na vaskular sa mga puno ay nagdaragdag ng mga layer ng kahoy at balat bawat taon, na nag-aambag sa paglaki ng puno.

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