آیلتس آکادمیک (باند 8 و بالاتر) - فرهنگ و عرف

generally accepted rules or principles, especially those that are considered as fundamental in a field of art or philosophy

اصول (هنر یا فلسفه), اصول

the dominance or control exercised by one group, entity, or state over others, especially in the realms of politics, culture, or ideology

هژمونی, سلطه‌گری

the origin or lineage of a person in terms of family, nationality, or ancestry

نَسَب

the belief in and advocacy for the equal rights, opportunities, and treatment of all individuals, regardless of their gender, race, social class, or other distinguishing characteristics

مساوات‌خواهی, برابری‌طلبی

the customs and values of a society that characterize it

سنت‌های اجتماعی, آداب و رسوم

a set of principles underlying and guiding the work of a particular artistic movement or style

نظریه فلسفی مربوط‌به‌زیبایی

the tendency to evaluate and judge other cultures or groups based on the standards and values of one's own, often resulting in a belief in the superiority of one's own culture or group

نژادپرستی, قوم‌گرایی

the dispersion or scattering of a community or ethnic group from their ancestral or original homeland

پراکندگی افراد یک گروه یا جامعه

the in-depth study of people and cultures through direct observation and interaction

قوم‌نگاری

the process of cultural exchange and adaptation when individuals or groups from different cultures come into contact, leading to changes in their respective cultural patterns

فرهنگ پذیری

a social and cultural movement that emerges in opposition to prevailing mainstream norms, values, and practices

پادفرهنگ

a natural object, often an animal or plant, that is considered sacred and serves as a symbol or emblem for a particular group, clan, or family

توتم

a distinctive style, behavior, or way of doing things that is characteristic of a particular individual, group, or period

ویژگی, اطوار و اخلاق شخصی

the adherence to established customs, practices, or standards that are widely accepted within a particular society, culture, or group

هم‌نوایی, تبعیت

a formal statement of beliefs or principles, often religious or philosophical in nature

اعتقاد

a guiding principle, intended to provide moral guidance or a basis for behavior

قاعده اخلاقی, اصل، قاعده، دستور

the elaborate display or ceremonial spectacle associated with public events, celebrations, or formal occasions

مراسم مجلل

the belief in spirits residing within natural elements, objects, and living beings

جانداراِنگاری, اَنیمیسم