Linguistique - Structures Syntaxiques

a group of words put together in a meaningful way

expression

(grammar) a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and functions as a unit within a sentence

proposition

a group of words that forms a statement, question, exclamation, or instruction, usually containing a verb

phrase

(grammar) a noun, pronoun or noun phrase that does the action of the verb, about which something is stated or in passive sentences is affected by the action of the verb

sujet

(grammar) a noun or noun phrase that is affected by the action of the verb, or is followed by a preposition

objet

a type of clause that asserts the existence of something or someone, typically introduced by a verb or verb phrase expressing existence or occurrence

clause existentielle

the arrangement of words in a sentence, indicating the sequence in which the subject, verb, and other constituents appear

ordre des mots

a fundamental component of a sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject, including actions, states, or descriptions

prédicat

a type of clause that lacks a main verb and functions as a single unit, typically consisting of a subject and a non-finite verb or adjective

petite clause

a word or phrase that describes or provides additional information about another word or phrase, typically modifying a noun

attribut

a graphical representation of the syntactic structure of a sentence or a string of words in a formal language, illustrating how the components of the sentence are organized hierarchically according to the rules of a given grammar

analyser l'arbre

a formal framework in linguistics that describes the structure of sentences by using rules to generate hierarchical structures called phrases, capturing the relationships between words and phrases within a language

grammaire de structure de phrase

a structure composed of a determiner and a noun phrase, serving to specify the reference of the noun phrase

expression déterminante

the main or central word in a phrase that determines the grammatical category and syntactic behavior of the entire phrase

mot-vedette

a group of words that function together as a single unit within a sentence, typically forming a phrase or a clause

constituant

(grammar) a group of words including a subject and a verb expressing a complete thought

proposition indépendante

(grammar) a noun, pronoun or noun phrase that receives the action of a verb in a sentence

objet direct

(grammar) any of the noun phrases in a clause that complete the meaning of the predicate

argument

a type of subordinate clause that introduces a condition or hypothetical situation, expressing the consequence that would follow if the condition is met

clause if

(grammar) a group of words containing a subject and a verb that is not a sentence on its own but adds information to an independent clause

proposition subordonnée

(grammar) a type of subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence

proposition relative

a group of words that begins with a preposition and typically includes a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition

préposition

a group of words that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb, and typically provides information about time, place, manner, or degree

Phrase adverbiale

a group of words that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, and typically consists of an adjective and any accompanying words or modifiers

expression adjective

(grammar) an independent clause followed by one or more dependent clauses or phrases

phrase complexe

(grammar) a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a predication

complément

(grammar) a noun, noun phrase or pronoun that refers to a person or object for or to whom the action of the verb is done

objet indirect

a syntactic unit that consists of a verb and its associated components, such as objects, adverbs, or complements, and functions as the predicate of a sentence or clause

phrase verbale

a group of words that functions as an adverb and includes a preposition and its object, providing additional information about the verb, adjective, or adverb in the sentence

adverbe phrase prépositionnelle

a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence, typically serving as the subject or object of a verb or as the object of a preposition

clause nominale

a group of words centered around a noun that functions as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence, typically consisting of the noun itself along with any accompanying determiners, modifiers, or adjectives

phrase nominale

a type of subordinate clause that uses an infinitive verb form as its main element and can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence

proposition infinitive

a type of clause that contains a finite verb, which indicates tense, mood, and agreement with the subject, and can function as a complete sentence on its own

clause finie

a type of clause that includes a gerund, which is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun, and it can act as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence

gérondif

a grammatical role or syntactic function that a word or phrase can take in different clauses within a sentence, often in a pivot construction

pivot syntaxique

a syntactic operation that allows constituents to be displaced from their base position to another position in a sentence, often resulting in changes in word order or phrase structure

règle de mouvement

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

double négation

a word or phrase that provides additional information or clarification to another element in a sentence, often specifying, describing, or limiting its meaning

modificateur

(grammar) a short question added to the end of a statement that is formed form the same statement

question tag

a type of question structure in which the speaker presents two alternative choices or possibilities, typically using the same verb or adjective in both options, to inquire about the truth or preference of the statement

Une question non-A

a sentence structure where the pitch contour of the speaker's voice rises at the end, typically transforming a statement into a question-like intonation pattern, often used for seeking confirmation or expressing uncertainty

montant déclaratif

a sentence structure used to inquire about information or seek confirmation, typically involving a verb-subject inversion and a question intonation pattern, and can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no"

question oui-non

a type of question that repeats or echoes part of a previous statement or question as a way of seeking clarification or emphasis

question d'écho

a grammatical construction that describes or attributes a property to the subject of a sentence

expression prédicative

the relationship between a predicate and its associated arguments, describing how they are semantically and syntactically connected within a sentence

structure prédicat-argument

a syntactic process where a wh-word moves from its original position to the beginning of a sentence or a clause for the purpose of forming a question or a relative clause

wh-mouvement

a syntactic construction where the preposition is separated from its complement and placed at the end of a sentence or clause

échouage de préposition

the structural arrangement of constituents within a sentence, where a constituent can branch into multiple sub-constituents, indicating a hierarchical relationship and the presence of multiple levels of syntactic structure

ramification

a syntactic construction where a preposition or a wh-word, along with its associated noun or phrase, is moved to the front of a sentence, creating a more marked or emphasized structure

passepoil au pied

a phrase that consists of an adposition and its complement, which can be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, and functions to indicate spatial, temporal, or other relationships between elements in a sentence

expression d'adposition

a syntactic structure that represents the inflectional properties of a word or phrase, including features such as tense, number, gender, and case, and is often associated with the functional category of a head word in a sentence

expression flexionnelle

a type of syntactic construction in which a gap or empty position occurs in a sentence, typically within a relative clause, and is licensed by a distant antecedent outside that clause

écart parasite

a linguistic concept that refers to the variation in languages regarding the directionality of phrase structure, determining whether heads typically precede or follow their dependents within a sentence

paramètre de directionnalité de la tête

a syntactic position in a sentence that is not overtly realized by a word or phrase, but is necessary for grammatical structure and interpretation

catégorie vide

a dependent clause that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun by providing additional information or describing its attributes

clause adjectif

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

inversion

a syntactic construction in which the negative particle and the subject of a sentence are inverted, often occurring in certain types of negated questions or sentences with negative adverbial expressions at the beginning

inversion négative

the number and types of arguments that a verb can take in a sentence, determining the syntactic and semantic relationships between the verb and its arguments

valence

a type of clause in which some elements, usually the verb or other parts of the clause, are omitted, but their meaning is understood from the context

proposition elliptique

a syntactic construction in which a question or a clause is reduced to a wh-phrase or a wh-word, leaving the rest of the sentence or the antecedent of the wh-phrase unpronounced but recoverable from the context

lavage à grande eau

a syntactic phenomenon that involves reversing the order of the subject and auxiliary verb in a sentence, typically occurring in interrogative sentences, negation, and certain other sentence structures

inversion sujet-auxiliaire