Лингвистика - Синтаксические структуры

a group of words put together in a meaningful way

фраза

(grammar) a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and functions as a unit within a sentence

предложение

a group of words that forms a statement, question, exclamation, or instruction, usually containing a verb

предложение

(grammar) the person, place, thing, or idea that performs the action or is being described in a sentence

подлежащее

(grammar) a noun or noun phrase that is affected by the action of the verb, or is followed by a preposition

дополнение

a type of clause that asserts the existence of something or someone, typically introduced by a verb or verb phrase expressing existence or occurrence

экзистенциальное предложение, существительное предложение

the arrangement of words in a sentence, indicating the sequence in which the subject, verb, and other constituents appear

порядок слов, структура предложения

a fundamental component of a sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject, including actions, states, or descriptions

сказуемое, предикат

a type of clause that lacks a main verb and functions as a single unit, typically consisting of a subject and a non-finite verb or adjective

малое предложение, именная конструкция

a word or phrase that describes or provides additional information about another word or phrase, typically modifying a noun

атрибут, характеристика

a graphical representation of the syntactic structure of a sentence or a string of words in a formal language, illustrating how the components of the sentence are organized hierarchically according to the rules of a given grammar

дерево разбора, синтаксическое дерево

a formal framework in linguistics that describes the structure of sentences by using rules to generate hierarchical structures called phrases, capturing the relationships between words and phrases within a language

грамматика фразовой структуры, фразовая структурная грамматика

a structure composed of a determiner and a noun phrase, serving to specify the reference of the noun phrase

детерминативная фраза, фраза определителя

the main or central word in a phrase that determines the grammatical category and syntactic behavior of the entire phrase

основное слово, главное слово

a group of words that function together as a single unit within a sentence, typically forming a phrase or a clause

конституент, элемент

(grammar) a group of words including a subject and a verb expressing a complete thought

независимое предложение

(grammar) a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb of a sentence

прямое дополнение

(grammar) any of the noun phrases in a clause that complete the meaning of the predicate

аргумент

a type of subordinate clause that introduces a condition or hypothetical situation, expressing the consequence that would follow if the condition is met

если-клаузула, условное предложение

(grammar) a group of words containing a subject and a verb that is not a sentence on its own but adds information to an independent clause

зависимое предложение

(grammar) a type of subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence

относительное предложение

a group of words that begins with a preposition and typically includes a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition

предложный оборот, предложное выражение

a group of words that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb, and typically provides information about time, place, manner, or degree

наречная фраза, наречная конструкция

a group of words that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, and typically consists of an adjective and any accompanying words or modifiers

прилагательное выражение, прилагательная фраза

(grammar) an independent clause followed by one or more dependent clauses or phrases

совокупный приговор

(grammar) a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a predication

дополнение

(grammar) a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that refers to a person or object for or to whom the action of the verb is done

косвенное дополнение

a syntactic unit that consists of a verb and its associated components, such as objects, adverbs, or complements, and functions as the predicate of a sentence or clause

глагольная фраза, глагольная группа

a group of words that functions as an adverb and includes a preposition and its object, providing additional information about the verb, adjective, or adverb in the sentence

адвербиальная предлоговая фраза, предложная фраза как наречие

a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence, typically serving as the subject or object of a verb or as the object of a preposition

существительное предложение, именная придаточная часть

a group of words centered around a noun that functions as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence, typically consisting of the noun itself along with any accompanying determiners, modifiers, or adjectives

именное выражение, именной фраза

a type of subordinate clause that uses an infinitive verb form as its main element and can function as a noun clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause in a sentence

инфинитивное предложение, инфинитивная оговорка

a type of clause that contains a finite verb, which indicates tense, mood, and agreement with the subject, and can function as a complete sentence on its own

конечное придаточное, фини́тная кла́узула

a type of clause that includes a gerund, which is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun, and it can act as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence

герандийное предложение, герандийная группа

a grammatical role or syntactic function that a word or phrase can take in different clauses within a sentence, often in a pivot construction

синтаксический поворот, грамматический поворот

a syntactic operation that allows constituents to be displaced from their base position to another position in a sentence, often resulting in changes in word order or phrase structure

правило перемещения, правило движения

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

двойное отрицание

a word or phrase that provides additional information or clarification to another element in a sentence, often specifying, describing, or limiting its meaning

модификатор, определение

(grammar) a short question added to the end of a statement that is formed form the same statement

вопрос с тегом

a type of question structure in which the speaker presents two alternative choices or possibilities, typically using the same verb or adjective in both options, to inquire about the truth or preference of the statement

вопрос А-не-А, вопрос А или не А

a sentence structure where the pitch contour of the speaker's voice rises at the end, typically transforming a statement into a question-like intonation pattern, often used for seeking confirmation or expressing uncertainty

восходящее декларативное, восходящее предложение

a sentence structure used to inquire about information or seek confirmation, typically involving a verb-subject inversion and a question intonation pattern, and can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no"

да-нет вопрос, вопрос с ответом да или нет

a type of question that repeats or echoes part of a previous statement or question as a way of seeking clarification or emphasis

эхо-вопрос, вопрос-эхо

a grammatical construction that describes or attributes a property to the subject of a sentence

предикативное выражение, предикативная конструкция

the relationship between a predicate and its associated arguments, describing how they are semantically and syntactically connected within a sentence

структура предиката и аргумента, предикативно-аргументационная структура

a syntactic process where a wh-word moves from its original position to the beginning of a sentence or a clause for the purpose of forming a question or a relative clause

wh-движение, перемещение wh

a syntactic construction where the preposition is separated from its complement and placed at the end of a sentence or clause

оставление предлога, предлогу разрыв

the structural arrangement of constituents within a sentence, where a constituent can branch into multiple sub-constituents, indicating a hierarchical relationship and the presence of multiple levels of syntactic structure

разветвление, ветвление

a syntactic construction where a preposition or a wh-word, along with its associated noun or phrase, is moved to the front of a sentence, creating a more marked or emphasized structure

пид-пайпинг, конструкция пид-пайпинга

a phrase that consists of an adposition and its complement, which can be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, and functions to indicate spatial, temporal, or other relationships between elements in a sentence

адпозитивная фраза, фраза с адпозицией

a syntactic structure that represents the inflectional properties of a word or phrase, including features such as tense, number, gender, and case, and is often associated with the functional category of a head word in a sentence

инфлексионная фраза, инфлексионная группа

a type of syntactic construction in which a gap or empty position occurs in a sentence, typically within a relative clause, and is licensed by a distant antecedent outside that clause

паразитический пробел, паразитическая дыра

a linguistic concept that refers to the variation in languages regarding the directionality of phrase structure, determining whether heads typically precede or follow their dependents within a sentence

параметр направленности голов, параметр головного направления

a syntactic position in a sentence that is not overtly realized by a word or phrase, but is necessary for grammatical structure and interpretation

пустая категория, нулевая категория

a dependent clause that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun by providing additional information or describing its attributes

прилагательное предложение, приложное придаточное

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

инверсия

a syntactic construction in which the negative particle and the subject of a sentence are inverted, often occurring in certain types of negated questions or sentences with negative adverbial expressions at the beginning

негативная инверсия, инверсия отрицания

the number and types of arguments that a verb can take in a sentence, determining the syntactic and semantic relationships between the verb and its arguments

валентность, валентность глагола

a type of clause in which some elements, usually the verb or other parts of the clause, are omitted, but their meaning is understood from the context

эллиптическое предложение, эллиптическая клаузула

a syntactic construction in which a question or a clause is reduced to a wh-phrase or a wh-word, leaving the rest of the sentence or the antecedent of the wh-phrase unpronounced but recoverable from the context

слив (в грамматическом контексте), уменьшение wh

a syntactic phenomenon that involves reversing the order of the subject and auxiliary verb in a sentence, typically occurring in interrogative sentences, negation, and certain other sentence structures

инверсии подлежащего и вспомогательного глагола, инверсия субъекта и вспомогательного