Linguística - Estruturas Sintáticas

a group of words put together in a meaningful way

frase, expressão

(grammar) a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and functions as a unit within a sentence

cláusula, oração

a group of words that forms a statement, question, exclamation, or instruction, usually containing a verb

frase, sentença

(grammar) the person, place, thing, or idea that performs the action or is being described in a sentence

sujeito

(grammar) a noun or noun phrase that is affected by the action of the verb, or is followed by a preposition

objeto, complemento

a type of clause that asserts the existence of something or someone, typically introduced by a verb or verb phrase expressing existence or occurrence

cláusula existencial, frase existencial

the arrangement of words in a sentence, indicating the sequence in which the subject, verb, and other constituents appear

ordem das palavras, estrutura da frase

a fundamental component of a sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject, including actions, states, or descriptions

predicado, componente verbal

a type of clause that lacks a main verb and functions as a single unit, typically consisting of a subject and a non-finite verb or adjective

pequena cláusula, cláusula nominal

a word or phrase that describes or provides additional information about another word or phrase, typically modifying a noun

atributo, característica

a graphical representation of the syntactic structure of a sentence or a string of words in a formal language, illustrating how the components of the sentence are organized hierarchically according to the rules of a given grammar

árvore de análise, árvore sintática

a formal framework in linguistics that describes the structure of sentences by using rules to generate hierarchical structures called phrases, capturing the relationships between words and phrases within a language

gramática de estrutura de frases, gramática de estrutura frasal

a structure composed of a determiner and a noun phrase, serving to specify the reference of the noun phrase

frase determinante, expressão determinante

the main or central word in a phrase that determines the grammatical category and syntactic behavior of the entire phrase

palavra-chave, palavra principal

a group of words that function together as a single unit within a sentence, typically forming a phrase or a clause

constituyente, elemento

(grammar) a group of words including a subject and a verb expressing a complete thought

oração independente, cláusula independente

(grammar) a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb of a sentence

objeto direto, complemento de objeto direto

(grammar) any of the noun phrases in a clause that complete the meaning of the predicate

argumento, argumento gramatical

a type of subordinate clause that introduces a condition or hypothetical situation, expressing the consequence that would follow if the condition is met

cláusula if, cláusula condicional

(grammar) a group of words containing a subject and a verb that is not a sentence on its own but adds information to an independent clause

oração subordinada, cláusula dependente

(grammar) a type of subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence

cláusula relativa, frase relativa

a group of words that begins with a preposition and typically includes a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition

frase preposicional, grupo preposicional

a group of words that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb, and typically provides information about time, place, manner, or degree

frase adverbial, locução adverbial

a group of words that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, and typically consists of an adjective and any accompanying words or modifiers

frase adjetiva, grupo adjetivo

(grammar) an independent clause followed by one or more dependent clauses or phrases

frase cumulativa, período cumulativo

(grammar) a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a predication

complemento

(grammar) a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that refers to a person or object for or to whom the action of the verb is done

objeto indireto, complemento de objeto indireto

a syntactic unit that consists of a verb and its associated components, such as objects, adverbs, or complements, and functions as the predicate of a sentence or clause

frase verbal, grupo verbal

a group of words that functions as an adverb and includes a preposition and its object, providing additional information about the verb, adjective, or adverb in the sentence

frase preposicional adverbial, grupo de palavras adverbiais prepositivas

a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence, typically serving as the subject or object of a verb or as the object of a preposition

oração substantiva, cláusula substantiva

a group of words centered around a noun that functions as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence, typically consisting of the noun itself along with any accompanying determiners, modifiers, or adjectives

frase nominal, sintagma nominal

a type of subordinate clause that uses an infinitive verb form as its main element and can function as a noun clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause in a sentence

cláusula infinitiva, frase infinitiva

a type of clause that contains a finite verb, which indicates tense, mood, and agreement with the subject, and can function as a complete sentence on its own

cláusula finita, frase finita

a type of clause that includes a gerund, which is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun, and it can act as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence

cláusula gerúndio, frase gerúndio

a grammatical role or syntactic function that a word or phrase can take in different clauses within a sentence, often in a pivot construction

pivot sintático, pivot gramatical

a syntactic operation that allows constituents to be displaced from their base position to another position in a sentence, often resulting in changes in word order or phrase structure

regra de movimento, norma de movimentação

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

dupla negação, negação dupla

a word or phrase that provides additional information or clarification to another element in a sentence, often specifying, describing, or limiting its meaning

modificador, complemento

(grammar) a short question added to the end of a statement that is formed form the same statement

pergunta tag, pergunta anexa

a type of question structure in which the speaker presents two alternative choices or possibilities, typically using the same verb or adjective in both options, to inquire about the truth or preference of the statement

pergunta A-não-A, pergunta A-ou-B

a sentence structure where the pitch contour of the speaker's voice rises at the end, typically transforming a statement into a question-like intonation pattern, often used for seeking confirmation or expressing uncertainty

declarativa ascendente, frase declarativa em subida

a sentence structure used to inquire about information or seek confirmation, typically involving a verb-subject inversion and a question intonation pattern, and can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no"

pergunta sim-não, pergunta fechada

a type of question that repeats or echoes part of a previous statement or question as a way of seeking clarification or emphasis

pergunta eco, pergunta repetitiva

a grammatical construction that describes or attributes a property to the subject of a sentence

expressão predicativa, construção predicativa

the relationship between a predicate and its associated arguments, describing how they are semantically and syntactically connected within a sentence

estrutura predicado-argumento, estrutura de relações predicativas

a syntactic process where a wh-word moves from its original position to the beginning of a sentence or a clause for the purpose of forming a question or a relative clause

movimento wh, deslocamento wh

a syntactic construction where the preposition is separated from its complement and placed at the end of a sentence or clause

separação de preposição, preposição no final

the structural arrangement of constituents within a sentence, where a constituent can branch into multiple sub-constituents, indicating a hierarchical relationship and the presence of multiple levels of syntactic structure

ramificação, divisão

a syntactic construction where a preposition or a wh-word, along with its associated noun or phrase, is moved to the front of a sentence, creating a more marked or emphasized structure

pied-piping, construção de pied-piping

a phrase that consists of an adposition and its complement, which can be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, and functions to indicate spatial, temporal, or other relationships between elements in a sentence

frase de adposição, expressão de adposição

a syntactic structure that represents the inflectional properties of a word or phrase, including features such as tense, number, gender, and case, and is often associated with the functional category of a head word in a sentence

frase inflexional, grupo inflexional

a type of syntactic construction in which a gap or empty position occurs in a sentence, typically within a relative clause, and is licensed by a distant antecedent outside that clause

gap parasitário, lacuna parasitária

a linguistic concept that refers to the variation in languages regarding the directionality of phrase structure, determining whether heads typically precede or follow their dependents within a sentence

parâmetro de direcionalidade da cabeça, parâmetro de direção cabeça

a syntactic position in a sentence that is not overtly realized by a word or phrase, but is necessary for grammatical structure and interpretation

categoria vazia, categoria nula

a dependent clause that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun by providing additional information or describing its attributes

oração adjetiva, cláusula adjetiva

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

inversão, mudança na ordem das palavras

a syntactic construction in which the negative particle and the subject of a sentence are inverted, often occurring in certain types of negated questions or sentences with negative adverbial expressions at the beginning

inversão negativa, inversão do sujeito negativo

the number and types of arguments that a verb can take in a sentence, determining the syntactic and semantic relationships between the verb and its arguments

valência, valência verbal

a type of clause in which some elements, usually the verb or other parts of the clause, are omitted, but their meaning is understood from the context

cláusula elíptica, proposição elíptica

a syntactic construction in which a question or a clause is reduced to a wh-phrase or a wh-word, leaving the rest of the sentence or the antecedent of the wh-phrase unpronounced but recoverable from the context

sluicing (no contexto gramatical), redução wh

a syntactic phenomenon that involves reversing the order of the subject and auxiliary verb in a sentence, typically occurring in interrogative sentences, negation, and certain other sentence structures

inversão sujeito-auxiliar, inversão do sujeito e do auxiliar