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语言学 - 句法结构

在这里您将学习一些与句法结构相关的英语单词,例如“短语”、“子句”和“修饰语”。

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Words Related to Linguistics
phrase
[名词]

a group of words put together in a meaningful way

短语, 词组

短语, 词组

Ex: She was confused by phrase " break a leg , " until she learned it 's a way to wish someone good luck .
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clause
[名词]

(grammar) a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and functions as a unit within a sentence

条款, 从句

条款, 从句

Ex: Understanding how clause functions can greatly improve your sentence structure .
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sentence
[名词]

a group of words that forms a statement, question, exclamation, or instruction, usually containing a verb

句子, 语句

句子, 语句

Ex: To improve your English , try to practice writing sentence each day .
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subject
[名词]

(grammar) the person, place, thing, or idea that performs the action or is being described in a sentence

主语, 主题

主语, 主题

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object
[名词]

(grammar) a noun or noun phrase that is affected by the action of the verb, or is followed by a preposition

宾语, 对象

宾语, 对象

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a type of clause that asserts the existence of something or someone, typically introduced by a verb or verb phrase expressing existence or occurrence

存在性从句, 存在性条款

存在性从句, 存在性条款

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word order
[名词]

the arrangement of words in a sentence, indicating the sequence in which the subject, verb, and other constituents appear

词序, 语序

词序, 语序

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predicate
[名词]

a fundamental component of a sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject, including actions, states, or descriptions

谓语, 述语

谓语, 述语

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small clause
[名词]

a type of clause that lacks a main verb and functions as a single unit, typically consisting of a subject and a non-finite verb or adjective

小从句, 小条款

小从句, 小条款

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attribute
[名词]

a word or phrase that describes or provides additional information about another word or phrase, typically modifying a noun

修饰语, 属性

修饰语, 属性

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parse tree
[名词]

a graphical representation of the syntactic structure of a sentence or a string of words in a formal language, illustrating how the components of the sentence are organized hierarchically according to the rules of a given grammar

解析树, 语法树

解析树, 语法树

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a formal framework in linguistics that describes the structure of sentences by using rules to generate hierarchical structures called phrases, capturing the relationships between words and phrases within a language

短语结构语法, 短语结构文法

短语结构语法, 短语结构文法

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a structure composed of a determiner and a noun phrase, serving to specify the reference of the noun phrase

限定词短语, 决定词短语

限定词短语, 决定词短语

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head word
[名词]

the main or central word in a phrase that determines the grammatical category and syntactic behavior of the entire phrase

中心词, 主词

中心词, 主词

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constituent
[名词]

a group of words that function together as a single unit within a sentence, typically forming a phrase or a clause

成分, 构件

成分, 构件

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(grammar) a group of words including a subject and a verb expressing a complete thought

独立子句, 独立分句

独立子句, 独立分句

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(grammar) a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb of a sentence

直接宾语, 直接对象

直接宾语, 直接对象

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argument
[名词]

(grammar) any of the noun phrases in a clause that complete the meaning of the predicate

论元, 参数

论元, 参数

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if-clause
[名词]

a type of subordinate clause that introduces a condition or hypothetical situation, expressing the consequence that would follow if the condition is met

条件句, 如果从句

条件句, 如果从句

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(grammar) a group of words containing a subject and a verb that is not a sentence on its own but adds information to an independent clause

从句, 依赖性分句

从句, 依赖性分句

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(grammar) a type of subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence

关系从句, 定语从句

关系从句, 定语从句

Ex: In the phrase " the woman who spoke , " relative clause defines which woman is being talked about .
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a group of words that begins with a preposition and typically includes a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition

介词短语, 介词词组

介词短语, 介词词组

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a group of words that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb, and typically provides information about time, place, manner, or degree

副词短语, 状语短语

副词短语, 状语短语

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a group of words that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, and typically consists of an adjective and any accompanying words or modifiers

形容词短语, 形容词词组

形容词短语, 形容词词组

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(grammar) an independent clause followed by one or more dependent clauses or phrases

累积句, 渐进句

累积句, 渐进句

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complement
[名词]

(grammar) a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a predication

补语, 成分

补语, 成分

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(grammar) a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that refers to a person or object for or to whom the action of the verb is done

间接宾语, 间接对象

间接宾语, 间接对象

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verb phrase
[名词]

a syntactic unit that consists of a verb and its associated components, such as objects, adverbs, or complements, and functions as the predicate of a sentence or clause

动词短语, 动词词组

动词短语, 动词词组

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a group of words that functions as an adverb and includes a preposition and its object, providing additional information about the verb, adjective, or adverb in the sentence

副词介词短语, 状语介词短语

副词介词短语, 状语介词短语

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noun clause
[名词]

a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence, typically serving as the subject or object of a verb or as the object of a preposition

名词从句, 名词子句

名词从句, 名词子句

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noun phrase
[名词]

a group of words centered around a noun that functions as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence, typically consisting of the noun itself along with any accompanying determiners, modifiers, or adjectives

名词短语, 名词短语组

名词短语, 名词短语组

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a type of subordinate clause that uses an infinitive verb form as its main element and can function as a noun clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause in a sentence

不定式从句, 不定式短语

不定式从句, 不定式短语

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a type of clause that contains a finite verb, which indicates tense, mood, and agreement with the subject, and can function as a complete sentence on its own

有限从句, 有限分句

有限从句, 有限分句

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a type of clause that includes a gerund, which is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun, and it can act as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence

动名词从句, 动名词短语

动名词从句, 动名词短语

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a grammatical role or syntactic function that a word or phrase can take in different clauses within a sentence, often in a pivot construction

句法支点, 句法枢轴

句法支点, 句法枢轴

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a syntactic operation that allows constituents to be displaced from their base position to another position in a sentence, often resulting in changes in word order or phrase structure

移动规则, 移位规则

移动规则, 移位规则

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a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

双重否定, 双重否定形式

双重否定, 双重否定形式

Ex: The editor corrected double negative in the manuscript to ensure clarity and accuracy .
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modifier
[名词]

a word or phrase that provides additional information or clarification to another element in a sentence, often specifying, describing, or limiting its meaning

修饰语, 修饰成分

修饰语, 修饰成分

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tag question
[名词]

(grammar) a short question added to the end of a statement that is formed form the same statement

反意疑问句, 标签问题

反意疑问句, 标签问题

Ex: She struggled with tag questions correctly in her speech , sometimes making her sentences confusing .
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a type of question structure in which the speaker presents two alternative choices or possibilities, typically using the same verb or adjective in both options, to inquire about the truth or preference of the statement

A不A问题, A与非A问题

A不A问题, A与非A问题

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a sentence structure where the pitch contour of the speaker's voice rises at the end, typically transforming a statement into a question-like intonation pattern, often used for seeking confirmation or expressing uncertainty

上升陈述句, 升调陈述句

上升陈述句, 升调陈述句

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a sentence structure used to inquire about information or seek confirmation, typically involving a verb-subject inversion and a question intonation pattern, and can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no"

是非题, 对错问题

是非题, 对错问题

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a type of question that repeats or echoes part of a previous statement or question as a way of seeking clarification or emphasis

回声问题, 重复问题

回声问题, 重复问题

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a grammatical construction that describes or attributes a property to the subject of a sentence

述谓短语, 谓词性表达

述谓短语, 谓词性表达

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the relationship between a predicate and its associated arguments, describing how they are semantically and syntactically connected within a sentence

谓词-论元结构, 谓词-参数结构

谓词-论元结构, 谓词-参数结构

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wh-movement
[名词]

a syntactic process where a wh-word moves from its original position to the beginning of a sentence or a clause for the purpose of forming a question or a relative clause

WH移动, WH运动

WH移动, WH运动

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a syntactic construction where the preposition is separated from its complement and placed at the end of a sentence or clause

介词分离, 介词悬置

介词分离, 介词悬置

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branching
[名词]

the structural arrangement of constituents within a sentence, where a constituent can branch into multiple sub-constituents, indicating a hierarchical relationship and the presence of multiple levels of syntactic structure

分支结构, 分叉结构

分支结构, 分叉结构

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pied-piping
[名词]

a syntactic construction where a preposition or a wh-word, along with its associated noun or phrase, is moved to the front of a sentence, creating a more marked or emphasized structure

首位引导, 前置短语

首位引导, 前置短语

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a phrase that consists of an adposition and its complement, which can be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, and functions to indicate spatial, temporal, or other relationships between elements in a sentence

介词短语, 前置词短语

介词短语, 前置词短语

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a syntactic structure that represents the inflectional properties of a word or phrase, including features such as tense, number, gender, and case, and is often associated with the functional category of a head word in a sentence

屈折短语, 屈折词组

屈折短语, 屈折词组

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a type of syntactic construction in which a gap or empty position occurs in a sentence, typically within a relative clause, and is licensed by a distant antecedent outside that clause

寄生缺口, 寄生空缺

寄生缺口, 寄生空缺

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a linguistic concept that refers to the variation in languages regarding the directionality of phrase structure, determining whether heads typically precede or follow their dependents within a sentence

头部方向性参数, 主导方向性参数

头部方向性参数, 主导方向性参数

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a syntactic position in a sentence that is not overtly realized by a word or phrase, but is necessary for grammatical structure and interpretation

空类别, 空位类别

空类别, 空位类别

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a dependent clause that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun by providing additional information or describing its attributes

形容词子句, 修饰语从句

形容词子句, 修饰语从句

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inversion
[名词]

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

倒装, 倒置

倒装, 倒置

Ex: Shakespeare frequently inversion, enhancing the poetic nature of his lines .
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a syntactic construction in which the negative particle and the subject of a sentence are inverted, often occurring in certain types of negated questions or sentences with negative adverbial expressions at the beginning

否定倒置, 负面倒置

否定倒置, 负面倒置

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valency
[名词]

the number and types of arguments that a verb can take in a sentence, determining the syntactic and semantic relationships between the verb and its arguments

价位, 配价

价位, 配价

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a type of clause in which some elements, usually the verb or other parts of the clause, are omitted, but their meaning is understood from the context

省略性从句, 省略句

省略性从句, 省略句

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sluicing
[名词]

a syntactic construction in which a question or a clause is reduced to a wh-phrase or a wh-word, leaving the rest of the sentence or the antecedent of the wh-phrase unpronounced but recoverable from the context

水流的相关结构, 省略结构

水流的相关结构, 省略结构

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a syntactic phenomenon that involves reversing the order of the subject and auxiliary verb in a sentence, typically occurring in interrogative sentences, negation, and certain other sentence structures

主语-助动词倒装, 主助倒装

主语-助动词倒装, 主助倒装

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