Lingvistică - Structuri sintactice

a group of words put together in a meaningful way

fraza, expresiție

(grammar) a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and functions as a unit within a sentence

clauză, propoziție

a group of words that forms a statement, question, exclamation, or instruction, usually containing a verb

propoziție, fraza

(grammar) the person, place, thing, or idea that performs the action or is being described in a sentence

subiect

(grammar) a noun or noun phrase that is affected by the action of the verb, or is followed by a preposition

obiect, complement

a type of clause that asserts the existence of something or someone, typically introduced by a verb or verb phrase expressing existence or occurrence

clauză existențială, propoziție existențială

the arrangement of words in a sentence, indicating the sequence in which the subject, verb, and other constituents appear

ordinea cuvintelor, structura propoziției

a fundamental component of a sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject, including actions, states, or descriptions

predicat, componente verbale

a type of clause that lacks a main verb and functions as a single unit, typically consisting of a subject and a non-finite verb or adjective

clauză mică, clauză nominală

a word or phrase that describes or provides additional information about another word or phrase, typically modifying a noun

atribut, caracteristică

a graphical representation of the syntactic structure of a sentence or a string of words in a formal language, illustrating how the components of the sentence are organized hierarchically according to the rules of a given grammar

arbore de analiză, arbore sintactic

a formal framework in linguistics that describes the structure of sentences by using rules to generate hierarchical structures called phrases, capturing the relationships between words and phrases within a language

gramatica structurii frazei, gramatica structurii expresiilor

a structure composed of a determiner and a noun phrase, serving to specify the reference of the noun phrase

expresie determinativă, fraza determinativă

the main or central word in a phrase that determines the grammatical category and syntactic behavior of the entire phrase

cuvânt principal, cuvânt cheie

a group of words that function together as a single unit within a sentence, typically forming a phrase or a clause

constituent, element

(grammar) a group of words including a subject and a verb expressing a complete thought

clauză independentă, propoziție independentă

(grammar) a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb of a sentence

obiect direct, complement de obiect direct

(grammar) any of the noun phrases in a clause that complete the meaning of the predicate

argument, argument gramatical

a type of subordinate clause that introduces a condition or hypothetical situation, expressing the consequence that would follow if the condition is met

clauza dacă, propoziție condițională

(grammar) a group of words containing a subject and a verb that is not a sentence on its own but adds information to an independent clause

clauză dependentă, propoziție subordonată

(grammar) a type of subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence

clauză relativă, propoziție relativă

a group of words that begins with a preposition and typically includes a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition

expresie prepozițională, grup prepozițional

a group of words that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb, and typically provides information about time, place, manner, or degree

fraza adverbială, expresia adverbială

a group of words that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, and typically consists of an adjective and any accompanying words or modifiers

fraza adjectivală, grup adjectival

(grammar) an independent clause followed by one or more dependent clauses or phrases

propoziție cumulativă, perioada cumulativă

(grammar) a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a predication

complement

(grammar) a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that refers to a person or object for or to whom the action of the verb is done

subiect indirect, complement indirect

a syntactic unit that consists of a verb and its associated components, such as objects, adverbs, or complements, and functions as the predicate of a sentence or clause

fraza verbală, grupul verbal

a group of words that functions as an adverb and includes a preposition and its object, providing additional information about the verb, adjective, or adverb in the sentence

fraza prepozițională adverbială, grup de cuvinte adverbiale prepoziționale

a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence, typically serving as the subject or object of a verb or as the object of a preposition

clauză nominală, propoziție nominală

a group of words centered around a noun that functions as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence, typically consisting of the noun itself along with any accompanying determiners, modifiers, or adjectives

fraza nominală, sintagma nominală

a type of subordinate clause that uses an infinitive verb form as its main element and can function as a noun clause, adjective clause, or adverb clause in a sentence

clauză infinitivală, fraza infinitivală

a type of clause that contains a finite verb, which indicates tense, mood, and agreement with the subject, and can function as a complete sentence on its own

clauză finită, propoziție finită

a type of clause that includes a gerund, which is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun, and it can act as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence

clauză gerund, propoziție gerund

a grammatical role or syntactic function that a word or phrase can take in different clauses within a sentence, often in a pivot construction

pivot sintactic, pivot gramatical

a syntactic operation that allows constituents to be displaced from their base position to another position in a sentence, often resulting in changes in word order or phrase structure

regulă de mișcare, regulă de deplasare

a grammatical construction in which two negative elements are used within the same sentence, often resulting in a positive meaning

negare dublă, dublă negație

a word or phrase that provides additional information or clarification to another element in a sentence, often specifying, describing, or limiting its meaning

modificator, complement

(grammar) a short question added to the end of a statement that is formed form the same statement

întrebare tag, întrebare de etichetă

a type of question structure in which the speaker presents two alternative choices or possibilities, typically using the same verb or adjective in both options, to inquire about the truth or preference of the statement

întrebare A-nu-A, întrebare A sau B

a sentence structure where the pitch contour of the speaker's voice rises at the end, typically transforming a statement into a question-like intonation pattern, often used for seeking confirmation or expressing uncertainty

declarativ ascendent, fraza declarativă în urcare

a sentence structure used to inquire about information or seek confirmation, typically involving a verb-subject inversion and a question intonation pattern, and can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no"

întrebare da-nu, întrebare închisă

a type of question that repeats or echoes part of a previous statement or question as a way of seeking clarification or emphasis

întrebare ecou, întrebare repetitivă

a grammatical construction that describes or attributes a property to the subject of a sentence

expresie predicativă, construcție predicativă

the relationship between a predicate and its associated arguments, describing how they are semantically and syntactically connected within a sentence

structura predicat-argument, structura relației predicat-argument

a syntactic process where a wh-word moves from its original position to the beginning of a sentence or a clause for the purpose of forming a question or a relative clause

mișcare wh, deplasare wh

a syntactic construction where the preposition is separated from its complement and placed at the end of a sentence or clause

suspendare a prepoziției, prepoziție la final

the structural arrangement of constituents within a sentence, where a constituent can branch into multiple sub-constituents, indicating a hierarchical relationship and the presence of multiple levels of syntactic structure

ramificare, divizare

a syntactic construction where a preposition or a wh-word, along with its associated noun or phrase, is moved to the front of a sentence, creating a more marked or emphasized structure

pied-piping, structura pied-piping

a phrase that consists of an adposition and its complement, which can be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, and functions to indicate spatial, temporal, or other relationships between elements in a sentence

fraza de adpoziție, expresie de adpoziție

a syntactic structure that represents the inflectional properties of a word or phrase, including features such as tense, number, gender, and case, and is often associated with the functional category of a head word in a sentence

fraza inflexională, grup inflexional

a type of syntactic construction in which a gap or empty position occurs in a sentence, typically within a relative clause, and is licensed by a distant antecedent outside that clause

gapa parazitară, lacuna parazitară

a linguistic concept that refers to the variation in languages regarding the directionality of phrase structure, determining whether heads typically precede or follow their dependents within a sentence

parametrul direcționalității capului, parametrul de cap-direcție

a syntactic position in a sentence that is not overtly realized by a word or phrase, but is necessary for grammatical structure and interpretation

categorie goală, categorie nulă

a dependent clause that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun by providing additional information or describing its attributes

clauza adjectivală, propoziție adjectivală

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

inversie, schimbarea ordinii cuvintelor

a syntactic construction in which the negative particle and the subject of a sentence are inverted, often occurring in certain types of negated questions or sentences with negative adverbial expressions at the beginning

inversie negativă, inversia subiectului negativ

the number and types of arguments that a verb can take in a sentence, determining the syntactic and semantic relationships between the verb and its arguments

valență, valența verbului

a type of clause in which some elements, usually the verb or other parts of the clause, are omitted, but their meaning is understood from the context

clauză eliptică, propoziție eliptică

a syntactic construction in which a question or a clause is reduced to a wh-phrase or a wh-word, leaving the rest of the sentence or the antecedent of the wh-phrase unpronounced but recoverable from the context

sluicing (în contextul gramatical), reducerea wh

a syntactic phenomenon that involves reversing the order of the subject and auxiliary verb in a sentence, typically occurring in interrogative sentences, negation, and certain other sentence structures

inversarea subiectului și a auxiliarului, inversarea subiect-auxiliar