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the scientific study of the Earth's lithosphere and the processes that shape its structure, including the movement of tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanic activity
テクトニクス, プレートテクトニクスの研究
a large, rigid section of the Earth's lithosphere that moves, leading to geological activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
プレート, 構造プレート
(in geology) a narrow break or crack that partially divides a rock or surface without completely separating it
裂け目, 亀裂
a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle
沈み込み, 潜り込み
the gravitational balance between Earth's rigid lithosphere and the underlying, semi-fluid asthenosphere, influencing variations in surface elevation
アイソスタシー, 等衡平衡
the Earth's rigid outer layer, made up of the crust and upper mantle, and divided into tectonic plates
リソスフェア, 地球の剛体外部層
a layer of semi-fluid rock beneath the Earth's crust that allows tectonic plates to move
アセノスフェア, 地殻の下の半流動的な岩石の層
a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks, characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems
カルスト, カルスト地形
the geological process of mountain building, usually occurring due to the collision or convergence of tectonic plates
造山運動, 山脈形成
a hollow rock with a cavity inside, lined with crystals or mineral material, formed through natural processes and often valued for its aesthetic qualities
ジオード, 晶洞
a volcanic rock that often contains diamonds, formed during explosive eruptions from the Earth's mantle, and is of particular interest in diamond exploration and mining
キンバーライト, キンバーライト岩
the geological process involving the expansion and movement of glaciers, shaping landscapes through erosion, deposition, and the formation of distinctive glacial landforms
氷河作用, 氷河期
a deposit of rocks, sediment, and glacial material left by a moving glacier, forming distinctive landforms along its edges or terminus
モレーン, 氷堆石
a streamlined, elongated hill formed by glacial action, with a teardrop shape and the steeper end facing the direction of ice movement
ドラムリン, 氷河の作用によって形成された流線形の細長い丘
a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption
カルデラ, 火山のクレーター
the physical and chemical changes occurring in sediments between their deposition and their consolidation into sedimentary rock
続成作用, 続成作用の過程
a complete change in the form and structure of a rock as a result of heat and pressure
変成作用, 岩石の変成
the process by which particles settle out of a liquid or gas due to gravity, forming a sediment layer
沈殿, 堆積作用
the movement or displacement along a fracture in the Earth's crust, resulting from tectonic forces, which can lead to earthquakes
断層運動, 断層作用
a layer of rock or sediment that stores and transmits groundwater
帯水層, 地下水層
a hard lump or mass formed in sedimentary rock by natural cementing processes
コンクリーション, 団塊
a large body of igneous rock formed beneath the Earth's surface from magma that has cooled and solidified
プルトン, 深成岩体
(in geology) the bending or deformation of rock layers due to compressional forces
褶曲, 折り曲げ
a fast-moving mixture of volcanic ash, debris, and water
ラハール, 火山泥流
the process during which a building or piece of land sinks to a lower level or to the ground
沈下, 地盤沈下
(geology) the injection of magma into existing rock formations underground
貫入, マグマの注入
(geology) the fine-grained material surrounding larger rock fragments or grains within a sedimentary rock
マトリックス, 基質
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