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the scientific study of the Earth's lithosphere and the processes that shape its structure, including the movement of tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanic activity
构造学, 构造研究
a large, rigid section of the Earth's lithosphere that moves, leading to geological activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
tectonic plate, 地壳板块
(in geology) a narrow break or crack that partially divides a rock or surface without completely separating it
裂缝, 裂隙
a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle
俯冲, 俯冲构造
the gravitational balance between Earth's rigid lithosphere and the underlying, semi-fluid asthenosphere, influencing variations in surface elevation
等静压
the Earth's rigid outer layer, made up of the crust and upper mantle, and divided into tectonic plates
岩石圈
a layer of semi-fluid rock beneath the Earth's crust that allows tectonic plates to move
软流层
a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks, characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems
喀斯特, 喀斯特地貌
the geological process of mountain building, usually occurring due to the collision or convergence of tectonic plates
造山作用
a hollow rock with a cavity inside, lined with crystals or mineral material, formed through natural processes and often valued for its aesthetic qualities
晶洞, 空洞岩石
a volcanic rock that often contains diamonds, formed during explosive eruptions from the Earth's mantle, and is of particular interest in diamond exploration and mining
金伯利岩, 金伯利石
the geological process involving the expansion and movement of glaciers, shaping landscapes through erosion, deposition, and the formation of distinctive glacial landforms
冰川作用, 冰川时期
a deposit of rocks, sediment, and glacial material left by a moving glacier, forming distinctive landforms along its edges or terminus
冰碛, 冰川沉积物
a streamlined, elongated hill formed by glacial action, with a teardrop shape and the steeper end facing the direction of ice movement
鼓丘
a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption
火山口, 火山环形坑
the physical and chemical changes occurring in sediments between their deposition and their consolidation into sedimentary rock
成岩作用, 成岩化
a complete change in the form and structure of a rock as a result of heat and pressure
变质作用
the process by which particles settle out of a liquid or gas due to gravity, forming a sediment layer
沉积
the movement or displacement along a fracture in the Earth's crust, resulting from tectonic forces, which can lead to earthquakes
断层, 错位
a hard lump or mass formed in sedimentary rock by natural cementing processes
凝结物, 硬块
a large body of igneous rock formed beneath the Earth's surface from magma that has cooled and solidified
深成岩体, 岩体
(in geology) the bending or deformation of rock layers due to compressional forces
折叠, 褶皱
the process during which a building or piece of land sinks to a lower level or to the ground
沉降, 下沉
(geology) the fine-grained material surrounding larger rock fragments or grains within a sedimentary rock
基质, 结合材料
