Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic - Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2 (2)

to change the form, purpose, character, etc. of something

machines, especially large ones, considered collectively

related to or living on land, rather than in the sea or air

to uncover or expose by digging, especially to reveal buried artifacts, structures, or remains

the distance below the top surface of something

to bring or gather fluids, such as blood or pus, to a specific area or point in the body

water containing salts

a mixture consisting of a liquid and solid particles suspended within it

firm and stable in form, not like a gas or liquid

a tiny, discrete unit of matter or substance that can range from subatomic particles like electrons and protons to larger particles like dust or sand grains

the outermost level of the land or sea

to make a person or thing move from a place, situation, or person to another

any vehicle designed for travel across or through water

the act of transporting goods, particularly by sea

to obtain or isolate a specific substance or component by distillation or other methods of separation

to make gas or liquid move in a certain direction using a mechanical action

to give off or release a substance like gas or liquid

the trait of being careful and aware of potential risks

in a manner expressing the capability or likelihood of something happening or developing in the future

exceptionally large or extensive in scope, degree, or impact

an unexpected event that makes a situation more complex

located close to a particular place or within a short distance

regarding or affecting the entire world

creating and enforcing rules or regulations to control or govern a particular activity or industry

a structure or model guiding organization or development, often with rules or principles

to write something for the first time that needs corrections for the final presentation

used to show that something happened or is true, even though there was a difficulty or obstacle that might have prevented it

to occupy a particular amount of space or time

at or during a time that is recent

a very deep or seemingly bottomless hole or gorge in the earth or sea

to have or hold something within or include something as a part of a larger entity or space

a chemical element and a silver-white metal used in making alloys

a chemical element with a shiny, silvery-blue appearance, often used in the production of batteries and other metals and

something kept back or saved for future use or a special purpose

a company or group of people that are considered as a single unit by law

to change something in order to add variety to it

‌to suggest that something is true or is the case

costumer's need or desire for specific goods or services

a metallic chemical element that has a red-brown color, primarily used as a conductor in wiring

a light silver-gray metal used primarily for making cooking equipment and aircraft parts

to supply with the needed energy to make something work

ascending to a level markedly higher than the usual

(of a farm or an industry) to grow or produce a crop or product

to a large degree

surpassing others in terms of overall goodness or excellence

a rock that contains valuable mineral or metal

materials that have no use and are unwanted

the process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical or physical or mechanical means

to make use of something for a particular purpose

to remove water from something like sediment, waste, or other materials