Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic - Test 2 - Reading - Passage 1

addressing the structures, functions, or issues of cities and their populations

using natural resources in a way that causes no harm to the environment

to represent a specific amount or portion of a whole

the act of using up something, such as resources, energy, or materials

(of a country, society, region, etc.) having advanced economically and socially, characterized by a strong industrial base and higher standards of living

a country considered as a group of people that share the same history, language, etc., and are ruled by the same government

the ability to move or be moved freely and easily from one place, position, job, or social situation to another

an idea or belief that one thinks is true without having a proof

special importance given to something over other items or considerations

with no one or nothing else involved

the ability to act or function with minimum effort, time, and resources

related to or involving numbers or amounts, not quality

information or facts collected to be used for various purposes

(of actions, ideas, etc.) very new and different from the norm

a person who creates and designs dance movements and routines, typically for performances, shows, or productions

to cause a nerve, organ, cell, or other part of the body to become active or respond

a person who studies human society, social behavior, and how people interact with each other in groups

a detailed technical or architectural plan showing dimensions, materials, and specifications for construction or production

belonging or related to the Middle Ages, the period in European history from roughly the 5th to the 15th century

to create or make something using whatever materials or resources are available

to change something so that it is suitable for a different purpose, situation, or need

based on detailed and thorough knowledge gained through close study or experience

an area of land on which something is, was, or will be constructed

to form or develop an idea, plan, or concept in the mind

to remove or separate something

a disadvantage or the feature of a situation that makes it unacceptable

to explain or show the meaning of something using examples, pictures, etc.

a way of doing something or dealing with a problem

widespread or commonly occurring at a particular time or in a particular place

a network of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines used to locate, measure, or plot positions

to plan or create something with a particular purpose or future use in mind

a person who is on foot and not in or on a vehicle

inclined to help or support; not antagonistic or hostile

to devote a lot of effort, time, etc. to something from which one expects to achieve a good result

complete confidence in a person or plan etc

receiving or involving assistance, especially of the kind specified by a preceding word

to function in a specific way

to consider something when trying to make a judgment or decision

(of a thing or type of behavior) appropriate for or intended to defend one against damage or harm

a canopy made of canvas to shelter people or things from rain or sun

not hospitable or inviting, often creating a sense of discomfort or unease

to cause a person to dislike someone or something

to change something from one form, state, function, or medium into another

to exert a significant influence on the development, nature, or outcome of something

contradictory to the expectations that are formed on common sense or intuition

a barrier along the edge of a road or bridge to stop cars from going off the road

to give a higher level of importance or urgency to a particular task, goal, or objective compared to others

the state of moving constantly and steadily

to organize or set objects or events in a way that avoids overlapping

a basic element of design that refers to a small, clearly defined location or mark on a surface

one of the two sides of a motorway where traffic travels in one direction only usually in two or three lanes

an obstacle that separates people or hinders any progress or communication

capable of changing quickly or easily in condition, expression, or response

an action that causes a delay or interruption in the ongoing continuity of an activity or process

materials that have no use and are unwanted

related to the core and most important or basic parts of something

possessing or providing an abundance of resources or qualities

to try to deal with a difficult problem or situation in a determined manner

an artistic expression delivered by different means of art like music or painting

relating to the enjoyment or appreciation of beauty or art, especially visual art

a possible consequence that something can bring about

referring to mental processes involved in understanding, thinking, and remembering

to fake or act as if experiencing a particular emotion

with no other reason or purpose involved

concerned with general theories or ideas rather than practical situations or applications

a high level of specialized knowledge or skill in a particular subject or activity

the size, amount, or degree of one thing compared with another

designed mainly to be practical and useful rather than attractive

pleasing and likely to arouse interest or desire

a conceptual distinction between ideas or categories

a goal that one wants to achieve

not expected or anticipated, often leading to surprise or disruption

to begin to exist or become noticeable

any action or maneuver taken as part of a plan or strategy to achieve a specific goal or progress toward an objective

to change something such as a process, situation, etc. to be the opposite of what it was before