Językoznawstwo - Nauka języka i biegłość

a way of instruction through repetition and a lot of practice

the quality of being able to speak or write very well and easily in a foreign language

the quality of being unintelligible and impossible to understand

the act of paying careful attention to hear a sound

someone who has learned a language as their first language, and not as a foreign language

an examination carried out through spoken communication

the act or process of looking at a written or printed piece and comprehending its meaning

the act of producing speech in a way that is comprehensible

the activity or skill of making words on paper or a screen to express ideas or information

the state or quality of being without any errors

a test that must be passed in the US by students who want to continue their education after their first degree

an internationally recognized standardized test that measures the English language proficiency of non-native speakers who wish to study or work in English-speaking countries

an internationally recognized English language proficiency test that assesses the English skills of non-native speakers

a language teaching approach that emphasizes the development of listening and speaking skills through repetitive drills and pattern practice, with a focus on accurate pronunciation and grammatical structures

the information, understanding, and experiences that an individual possesses prior to encountering a specific topic or situation

a beginner level of skill or understanding in a subject or activity that is introductory or rudimentary

the act of understanding something without actively doing anything or making an effort

a mistake, inaccuracy, or deviation from correctness in language production or comprehension

an instructional approach that emphasizes meaningful and authentic tasks to develop language skills in real-world contexts

the interactive process between a language learner and interlocutor, where modifications and clarifications are made in the language input to ensure better comprehension and learning

the language production of a learner that is collaboratively constructed and modified through interaction with others, allowing for feedback, clarification, and refinement of language skills

the desire to learn a language in order to integrate into the target language community, understand its culture, establish social connections, or develop a sense of belonging and identity within that community

the desire to learn a language for practical purposes, such as advancing career prospects, obtaining a job, or achieving specific goals, rather than for intrinsic or personal reasons

the process in second language acquisition where errors or non-native features become permanently ingrained and resistant to correction, even after prolonged exposure to the target language

the linguistic system that emerges during second language acquisition, characterized by a combination of the learner's native language and the target language, incorporating both correct and incorrect features as the learner progresses towards proficiency

a language that a person learns after their first language, often through formal education or exposure to a different culture or community

the ability to produce language, either through speaking or writing, in order to convey meaning and communicate with others

the ability to understand and comprehend language, either through listening or reading, in order to extract meaning and comprehend the message being conveyed

an individual who has acquired a high level of proficiency in a second or additional language, demonstrating a command of the language that is very close to that of a native speaker in terms of fluency, accuracy, and cultural competence

a widely recognized framework used to describe language proficiency levels in various languages

(linguistics) the process of using the knowledge of a known language while learning a new one by a bilingual or multilingual individual

the ability of an individual to speak and understand two languages proficiently

a person who speaks or is fluent in only one language

a person who can speak and understand two different languages with ease and fluency

the ability to speak and understand multiple languages, which allows individuals to communicate effectively and engage with diverse cultures and communities

a test that high school students take before college or university in the US