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the quality of being able to speak or write very well and easily in a foreign language
流利, 流畅
the quality of being unintelligible and impossible to understand
不可理解性, 难以理解性
someone who has learned a language as their first language, and not as a foreign language
母语者, 母语人士
the act or process of looking at a written or printed piece and comprehending its meaning
阅读, 读
the activity or skill of making words on paper or a screen to express ideas or information
写作, 书写
a test that must be passed in the US by students who want to continue their education after their first degree
GRE
an internationally recognized standardized test that measures the English language proficiency of non-native speakers who wish to study or work in English-speaking countries
英语作为外语考试, 英语语言能力测试
an internationally recognized English language proficiency test that assesses the English skills of non-native speakers
国际英语语言测试系统, 国际英语考试
a language teaching approach that emphasizes the development of listening and speaking skills through repetitive drills and pattern practice, with a focus on accurate pronunciation and grammatical structures
听说法, 听说教学法
the information, understanding, and experiences that an individual possesses prior to encountering a specific topic or situation
背景知识, 预备知识
a beginner level of skill or understanding in a subject or activity that is introductory or rudimentary
基础, 基本知识
the act of understanding something without actively doing anything or making an effort
被动理解, 无意识理解
a mistake, inaccuracy, or deviation from correctness in language production or comprehension
错误
an instructional approach that emphasizes meaningful and authentic tasks to develop language skills in real-world contexts
任务导向学习, 基于任务的学习
the interactive process between a language learner and interlocutor, where modifications and clarifications are made in the language input to ensure better comprehension and learning
谈判输入, 协商输入
the language production of a learner that is collaboratively constructed and modified through interaction with others, allowing for feedback, clarification, and refinement of language skills
谈判输出, 协商产出
the desire to learn a language in order to integrate into the target language community, understand its culture, establish social connections, or develop a sense of belonging and identity within that community
整合性动机, 融入动机
the desire to learn a language for practical purposes, such as advancing career prospects, obtaining a job, or achieving specific goals, rather than for intrinsic or personal reasons
工具性动机, 实用动机
the process in second language acquisition where errors or non-native features become permanently ingrained and resistant to correction, even after prolonged exposure to the target language
化石化, 固化
the linguistic system that emerges during second language acquisition, characterized by a combination of the learner's native language and the target language, incorporating both correct and incorrect features as the learner progresses towards proficiency
中介语言, 交际语言
a language that a person learns after their first language, often through formal education or exposure to a different culture or community
第二语言, 外语
the ability to produce language, either through speaking or writing, in order to convey meaning and communicate with others
生产性技能, 创造性技能
the ability to understand and comprehend language, either through listening or reading, in order to extract meaning and comprehend the message being conveyed
接受性技能, 接收能力
an individual who has acquired a high level of proficiency in a second or additional language, demonstrating a command of the language that is very close to that of a native speaker in terms of fluency, accuracy, and cultural competence
近母语者, 几乎是母语水平的说话者
a widely recognized framework used to describe language proficiency levels in various languages
欧洲语言共同参考框架, CEFR
(linguistics) the process of using the knowledge of a known language while learning a new one by a bilingual or multilingual individual
语言转移, 语言迁移
the ability of an individual to speak and understand two languages proficiently
双语能力
a person who can speak and understand two different languages with ease and fluency
双语者
the ability to speak and understand multiple languages, which allows individuals to communicate effectively and engage with diverse cultures and communities
多语言能力, 多语主义
a test that high school students take before college or university in the US
SAT（考试）, SAT考试
