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Lista Słówek Poziomu C2 - Historia

Tutaj nauczysz się wszystkich niezbędnych słów do rozmowy o Historii, zebranych specjalnie dla uczących się na poziomie C2.

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CEFR C2 Vocabulary
palimpsest
palimpsest
[Rzeczownik]

a manuscript that was written on, erased, and written on again and again, while the previous text was still partially visible

palimpsest, przepisany rękopis

palimpsest, przepisany rękopis

Ex: The ancient scroll was a palimpsest, with layers of text scraped away and overwritten with new writing, revealing glimpses of its earlier content. 
page
page
[Rzeczownik]

(in medieval times) a young boy serving as an attendant to a knight, beginning training for knighthood

giermek, paź

giermek, paź

Ex: The young page polished the knight's armor every morning. 
hieroglyphic
hieroglyphic
[Rzeczownik]

a system of writing using symbols or pictures, originally used by the ancient Egyptians

hieroglif, pismo hieroglificzne

hieroglif, pismo hieroglificzne

Ex: Understanding hieroglyphics requires knowledge of both the symbols and the context in which they were written. 
galley
galley
[Rzeczownik]

a large medieval Mediterranean vessel, typically with a single deck, propelled by sails and oars, armed at bow and stern, and manned by up to 1,000 men, used for war and trade

galera, okręt wiosłowy

galera, okręt wiosłowy

Ex: The Greek and Roman navies employed galleys as key vessels in their fleets during ancient times. 
belle epoque
belle epoque
[Rzeczownik]

a period in Western Europe (1871-1914) marked by peace, optimism, and cultural growth

Belle Époque to okres rozkwitu kulturowego i optymizmu w Europie,  charakteryzujący się dobrobytem ekonomicznym

Belle Époque to okres rozkwitu kulturowego i optymizmu w Europie, charakteryzujący się dobrobytem ekonomicznym

Ex: The Belle Époque was a period of cultural flourishing and optimism in Europe, characterized by economic prosperity, technological innovation, and artistic innovation. 
zeitgeist
zeitgeist
[Rzeczownik]

the defining spirit or mood of a particular period in history, reflecting the ideas and beliefs of the time

duch czasu, klimat epoki

duch czasu, klimat epoki

Ex: The 1960s was a decade defined by the zeitgeist of social change and cultural revolution, with movements for civil rights, feminism, and anti-war activism shaping the era. 
genealogy
genealogy
[Rzeczownik]

the lineage or ancestry of a person, tracing their familial relationships and connections through multiple generations

genealogia

genealogia

Ex: I discovered fascinating details about my ancestors while researching my genealogy. 
relic
relic
[Rzeczownik]

an object or part of an object surviving from the past, typically with historical or emotional value, often linked to a person, event, or era

relikwia, pozostałość

relikwia, pozostałość

Ex: The museum displayed a relic from the Bronze Age, drawing historians from all over the country. 
antiquity
antiquity
[Rzeczownik]

the historical period before the Middle Ages, especially before the sixth century when Greeks and Romans were the most prosperous

starożytność, okres starożytny

starożytność, okres starożytny

Ex: Antiquity refers to the period in history before the Middle Ages, encompassing the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. 
crusade
crusade
[Rzeczownik]

a medieval military expedition by European Christians to reclaim or defend Christian territories in the Holy Land

krucjata

krucjata

Ex: The First Crusade aimed to capture Jerusalem from Muslim control in the late 11th century. 
decolonization
decolonization
[Rzeczownik]

the process by which colonies or territories gain independence from colonial rule

dekolonizacja, proces dekolonizacji

dekolonizacja, proces dekolonizacji

Ex: The decolonisation of Africa in the mid-20th century led to the emergence of numerous independent nations. 
barbarian
barbarian
[Rzeczownik]

a person belonging to a people or group regarded as uncivilized, foreign, or outside the dominant culture

barbarzyńca, dzikus

barbarzyńca, dzikus

Ex: The Romans considered the northern tribes to be barbarians. 
tsar
tsar
[Rzeczownik]

the king or emperor of Russia prior to 1917

car, tsar

car, tsar

Ex: The tsar was the title used by the rulers of Russia before the Russian Revolution of 1917, signifying their absolute authority and sovereignty. 
to chronicle
to chronicle
[Czasownik]

to record a series of historical events in a detailed way by a chronological order

kronikować, rejestrować

kronikować, rejestrować

Ex: The historian chronicles the rise and fall of ancient civilizations in her latest book. 
the Commonwealth
the Commonwealth
[Rzeczownik]

the political structure during a period in the history of the UK between 1649 and 1660, called the interregnum, during which the country was ruled without a king or queen

Wspólnota Narodów, Republika

Wspólnota Narodów, Republika

Ex: The Commonwealth is an association of independent states, most of which were former territories of the British Empire, that cooperate on matters of mutual interest. 
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