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a manuscript that was written on, erased, and written on again and again, while the previous text was still partially visible
パリンプセスト, 書き直された写本
(in medieval times) a young boy serving as an attendant to a knight, beginning training for knighthood
a system of writing using symbols or pictures, originally used by the ancient Egyptians
象形文字, ヒエログリフ
a large medieval Mediterranean vessel, typically with a single deck, propelled by sails and oars, armed at bow and stern, and manned by up to 1,000 men, used for war and trade
a period in Western Europe (1871-1914) marked by peace, optimism, and cultural growth
ベル・エポックは、経済的繁栄、技術革新、芸術的革新によって特徴づけられる、ヨーロッパにおける文化的な繁栄と楽観主義の時代でした。
the defining spirit or mood of a particular period in history, reflecting the ideas and beliefs of the time
時代精神, 時代の空気
the lineage or ancestry of a person, tracing their familial relationships and connections through multiple generations
系譜学
an object or part of an object surviving from the past, typically with historical or emotional value, often linked to a person, event, or era
遺物, 遺跡
the historical period before the Middle Ages, especially before the sixth century when Greeks and Romans were the most prosperous
古代, 古代の時代
a medieval military expedition by European Christians to reclaim or defend Christian territories in the Holy Land
十字軍
the process by which colonies or territories gain independence from colonial rule
脱植民地化, 脱植民地化の過程
a person belonging to a people or group regarded as uncivilized, foreign, or outside the dominant culture
the king or emperor of Russia prior to 1917
ツァー, 皇帝
to record a series of historical events in a detailed way by a chronological order
記録する, 年代記に記す
the political structure during a period in the history of the UK between 1649 and 1660, called the interregnum, during which the country was ruled without a king or queen
コモンウェルス, 共和国
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