Lista de Palavras Nível C2 - Philosophy

Aqui você aprenderá todas as palavras essenciais para falar sobre Filosofia, coletadas especificamente para alunos de nível C2.

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dialectic

[substantivo]

a structured method of reasoning in which truth is reached through the systematic exchange of logical arguments

Ex: Through dialectic, the students discovered the flaws in the original proposal .

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weltanschauung

[substantivo]

a person's overall philosophical perspective or worldview

cosmovisão, visão de mundo

Ex: Enlightenment brought shifts in weltanschauung.O Iluminismo trouxe mudanças na **weltanschauung**.

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nihilism

[substantivo]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

Ex: Writers in the 19th century explored nihilism in Russian society .

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utilitarianism

[substantivo]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarismo, doutrina da utilidade

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .O **utilitarismo** é frequentemente aplicado em áreas como políticas públicas, economia e ética, onde as decisões são tomadas com o objetivo de maximizar o bem-estar social ou a utilidade.

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stoicism

[substantivo]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

estoicismo, filosofia estoica

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Ao aprender a distinguir entre o que está e não está sob nosso controle, o **estoicismo** fornece ferramentas para a paz interior.

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solipsism

[substantivo]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsismo, egocentrismo filosófico

Ex: Solipsism can lead to a sense of isolation , as the individual 's reality becomes confined to their own consciousness .O **solipsismo** pode levar a um sentimento de isolamento, pois a realidade do indivíduo se confina à sua própria consciência.

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ontology

[substantivo]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologia

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .Na filosofia contemporânea, a **ontologia** cruza-se com outras disciplinas como a lógica, a metafísica e a epistemologia, moldando a nossa compreensão da estrutura fundamental da realidade.

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monism

[substantivo]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monismo, teoria monista

Ex: The unity of mind and body in Spinoza 's philosophy exemplifies a form of monism.A unidade da mente e do corpo na filosofia de Spinoza exemplifica uma forma de **monismo**.

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objectivism

[substantivo]

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

objetivismo, filosofia do objetivismo

Ex: Ayn Rand 's novels , such as " The Fountainhead " and " Atlas Shrugged , " dramatize the principles of objectivism, illustrating her vision of heroic individualism and the creative power of the human mind .Os romances de Ayn Rand, como "A Nascente" e "A Revolta de Atlas", dramatizam os princípios do **objetivismo**, ilustrando sua visão do individualismo heroico e do poder criativo da mente humana.

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subjectivism

[substantivo]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjetivismo, doutrina do subjetivismo

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .O debate entre o objetivismo e o **subjetivismo** na filosofia gira em torno de saber se as afirmações morais e epistemológicas podem ser fundamentadas na realidade objetiva ou são inerentemente subjetivas.

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absurdism

[substantivo]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

absurdismo, o absurdo

Ex: The works of existentialist writers , such as Camus ' " The Stranger " and Samuel Beckett 's " Waiting for Godot , " often delve into themes of absurdism, highlighting the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world .As obras dos escritores existencialistas, como "O Estrangeiro" de Camus e "Esperando Godot" de Samuel Beckett, frequentemente mergulham em temas do **absurdismo**, destacando a luta humana para encontrar significado em um mundo sem sentido.

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teleology

[substantivo]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleologia, o estudo dos propósitos

Ex: The field of artificial intelligence ethics grapples with questions related to teleology, ethical goals , and the potential unintended consequences of AI systems .O campo da ética da inteligência artificial lida com questões relacionadas à **teleologia**, objetivos éticos e as potenciais consequências não intencionais dos sistemas de IA.

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cogito

[substantivo]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, a filosofia que ilustra o reconhecimento central da própria existência através do ato de pensar

Ex: The cogito serves as a pivotal point in Western philosophy , providing a starting ground for Descartes ' subsequent inquiries into knowledge , reality , and the nature of being .O **cogito** serve como um ponto pivotal na filosofia ocidental, fornecendo um ponto de partida para as investigações subsequentes de Descartes sobre o conhecimento, a realidade e a natureza do ser.

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monad

[substantivo]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

mônada, entidade indivisível

Ex: Monadology , Leibniz 's philosophical treatise , explores the nature of monads and their role in the harmonious pre-established order of the universe .A **Monadologia**, tratado filosófico de Leibniz, explora a natureza das **mônadas** e seu papel na ordem harmônica pré-estabelecida do universo.

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pragmatism

[substantivo]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismo, filosofia pragmática

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Os debates entre os filósofos sobre os méritos do idealismo versus o **pragmatismo** têm raízes profundas na história do pensamento filosófico.

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noumenon

[substantivo]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumenon, coisa em si

Ex: Kant 's concept of noumenon has influenced debates in philosophy of mind , addressing questions about the nature of consciousness and subjective experience .O conceito de **noumenon** de Kant influenciou debates na filosofia da mente, abordando questões sobre a natureza da consciência e da experiência subjetiva.

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transcendence

[substantivo]

a state of existing beyond the bounds of physical or material experience

Ex: He sought transcendence in nature , far from the city 's distractions .

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empiricism

[substantivo]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

Ex: She studied empiricism to understand the roots of modern science .

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Taoism

[substantivo]

a Chinese philosophy and religion founded on the teachings of Lao-tzu and developed by Chuang-tzu, emphasizing harmony with the Tao, simplicity, and natural order

Ex: The influence of Taoism can be seen in Chinese poetry and landscape painting .

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libertarianism

[substantivo]

a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom

libertarianismo, liberalismo libertário

Ex: Libertarianism advocates reducing government involvement in areas like healthcare and education .O **libertarianismo** defende a redução do envolvimento do governo em áreas como saúde e educação.

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dualism

[substantivo]

the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

dualismo, a doutrina do dualismo

Ex: Gender dualism explores the binary classification of gender roles and identities into male and female categories .O **dualismo** de gênero explora a classificação binária dos papéis e identidades de gênero em categorias masculinas e femininas.

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fatalism

[substantivo]

the philosophical doctrine that all events are predetermined and humans cannot change them

Ex: Fatalism often raises debates about free will and moral responsibility .

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deconstruction

[substantivo]

a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts

desconstrução, método de desconstrução

Ex: Deconstruction destabilizes established assumptions .A **desconstrução** desestabiliza pressupostos estabelecidos.

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hedonism

[substantivo]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

Ex: The debate compared utilitarianism and hedonism as moral systems .

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Cartesian

[adjetivo]

related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism

cartesiano

Ex: A cartesian skeptic , employing methodical doubt , challenges the certainty of knowledge .Um cético **cartesiano**, empregando a dúvida metódica, desafia a certeza do conhecimento.

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Kantian

[adjetivo]

relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality

kantiano, kantiana

Ex: Guided by Kantian ethics , moral reasoning is steered by the principle of consistency .Guiado pela ética **kantiana**, o raciocínio moral é dirigido pelo princípio da consistência.

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socratic

[adjetivo]

related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates

socrático

Ex: The principles of the Socratic method are still widely used in education and philosophy today.Os princípios do método **socrático** ainda são amplamente utilizados na educação e na filosofia hoje.

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transcendental

[adjetivo]

relating to or characteristic of a philosophy that emphasizes intuition and the spiritual over empirical or material experience

Ex: The essay explores how transcendental ideas shaped 19th-century literature .

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tenet

[substantivo]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

princípio, dogma

Ex: The tenet of freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies , promoting open discourse and expression .O **princípio** da liberdade de expressão é uma pedra angular das sociedades democráticas, promovendo o discurso e a expressão abertos.

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