a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories

弁証法, 弁証法的方法
a person's overall philosophical perspective or worldview

世界観, 人生観
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

虚無主義, 否定主義
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

功利主義, 有用性の教義
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

ストア哲学, ストイック哲学
a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

独我論, 哲学的自己中心主義
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

存在論
a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

一元論, 一元論の理論
a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

客観主義, 客観主義の哲学
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

主観主義, 主観主義の教義
the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

不条理主義, 不条理
the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

目的論, 目的の研究
the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, 思考する行為を通じて自己の存在の核心的な承認を説明する哲学
a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

モナド, 分割不能な実体
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

プラグマティズム, 実用主義哲学
a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

ヌーメノン, 物自体
the state of surpassing ordinary experience to reach higher understanding or existence

超越, 卓越
a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

経験論, 実験主義
a Chinese philosophy focusing on living in harmony with the Tao, the fundamental principle of the universe

道教, タオイズム
a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom

リバタリアニズム, 自由主義リバタリアン
the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

二元論, 二元論の教義
the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

運命論, 宿命信仰
a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts

脱構築, 脱構築の方法
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

快楽主義
related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism

デカルトの
relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality

カントの, カント的な
related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates

ソクラテスの
relating to a system of thought emphasizing intuition and spirituality over empirical evidence, seeking to understand reality beyond the physical world

超越的な, 形而上学的な
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