Listahan ng mga Salita sa Antas C2 - Philosophy

Dito matututunan mo ang lahat ng mahahalagang salita para sa pag-uusap tungkol sa Pilosopiya, na partikular na kinolekta para sa mga mag-aaral ng antas C2.

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dialectic

[Pangngalan]

a structured method of reasoning in which truth is reached through the systematic exchange of logical arguments

Ex: Through dialectic, the students discovered the flaws in the original proposal .

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weltanschauung

[Pangngalan]

a person's overall philosophical perspective or worldview

pananaw sa mundo, pagtingin sa mundo

Ex: Enlightenment brought shifts in weltanschauung.Ang Enlightenment ay nagdala ng mga pagbabago sa **weltanschauung**.

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nihilism

[Pangngalan]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

Ex: Writers in the 19th century explored nihilism in Russian society .

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utilitarianism

[Pangngalan]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarianismo, doktrina ng kapakinabangan

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .Ang **utilitarianism** ay madalas na inilalapat sa mga larangan tulad ng patakaran sa publiko, ekonomiya, at etika, kung saan ang mga desisyon ay ginagawa sa layuning i-maximize ang kapakanan ng lipunan o utility.

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stoicism

[Pangngalan]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicismo, pilosopiyang stoiko

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Sa pag-aaral na makilala ang nasa at wala sa ating kontrol, ang **stoicism** ay nagbibigay ng mga kasangkapan para sa kapayapaang loob.

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solipsism

[Pangngalan]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsismo, pilosopikong pagiging makasarili

Ex: Solipsism can lead to a sense of isolation , as the individual 's reality becomes confined to their own consciousness .Ang **solipsism** ay maaaring humantong sa isang pakiramdam ng pag-iisa, dahil ang realidad ng indibidwal ay nakakulong sa kanilang sariling kamalayan.

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ontology

[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontolohiya

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .Sa kontemporaryong pilosopiya, ang **ontolohiya** ay nagsasalubong sa iba pang disiplina tulad ng lohika, metapisika, at epistemolohiya, na humuhubog sa ating pag-unawa sa pangunahing istruktura ng realidad.

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monism

[Pangngalan]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monismo, teoryang monista

Ex: The unity of mind and body in Spinoza 's philosophy exemplifies a form of monism.Ang pagkakaisa ng isip at katawan sa pilosopiya ni Spinoza ay isang halimbawa ng anyo ng **monismo**.

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objectivism

[Pangngalan]

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

obhetibismo, pilosopiya ng obhetibismo

Ex: Ayn Rand 's novels , such as " The Fountainhead " and " Atlas Shrugged , " dramatize the principles of objectivism, illustrating her vision of heroic individualism and the creative power of the human mind .Ang mga nobela ni Ayn Rand, tulad ng "The Fountainhead" at "Atlas Shrugged," ay nagdrama sa mga prinsipyo ng **objectivism**, na naglalarawan ng kanyang pananaw sa bayaning indibidwalismo at ang malikhaing kapangyarihan ng isip ng tao.

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subjectivism

[Pangngalan]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subhetibismo, doktrina ng subhetibismo

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Ang debate sa pagitan ng objectivism at **subjectivism** sa pilosopiya ay umiikot sa kung ang mga pahayag na moral at epistemological ay maaaring mabatay sa objective reality o likas na subjective.

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absurdism

[Pangngalan]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

absurdismo, kawalang-kabuluhan

Ex: The works of existentialist writers , such as Camus ' " The Stranger " and Samuel Beckett 's " Waiting for Godot , " often delve into themes of absurdism, highlighting the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world .Ang mga akda ng mga existentialist na manunulat, tulad ng "The Stranger" ni Camus at "Waiting for Godot" ni Samuel Beckett, ay madalas na sumisid sa mga tema ng **absurdism**, na nagha-highlight sa pakikibaka ng tao na maghanap ng kahulugan sa isang mundo na walang kahulugan.

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teleology

[Pangngalan]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleolohiya, pag-aaral ng mga layunin

Ex: The field of artificial intelligence ethics grapples with questions related to teleology, ethical goals , and the potential unintended consequences of AI systems .Ang larangan ng etika ng artificial intelligence ay humaharap sa mga tanong na may kaugnayan sa **teleology**, mga etikal na layunin, at ang posibleng hindi sinasadyang mga kahihinatnan ng mga sistema ng AI.

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cogito

[Pangngalan]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, ang pilosopiya na naglalarawan ng pangunahing pagkilala sa sariling pag-iral sa pamamagitan ng kilos ng pag-iisip

Ex: The cogito serves as a pivotal point in Western philosophy , providing a starting ground for Descartes ' subsequent inquiries into knowledge , reality , and the nature of being .Ang **cogito** ay nagsisilbing isang mahalagang punto sa Kanlurang pilosopiya, na nagbibigay ng panimulang batayan para sa mga kasunod na pagsisiyasat ni Descartes sa kaalaman, katotohanan, at ang kalikasan ng pagiging.

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monad

[Pangngalan]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

monad, hindi mahahating entidad

Ex: Monadology , Leibniz 's philosophical treatise , explores the nature of monads and their role in the harmonious pre-established order of the universe .Ang **Monadology**, tratado pilosopiko ni Leibniz, ay nag-explore sa kalikasan ng mga **monad** at ang kanilang papel sa maayos na naitatag na kaayusan ng sansinukob.

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pragmatism

[Pangngalan]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismo, pilosopiyang pragmatiko

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Ang mga debate sa mga pilosopo tungkol sa mga merito ng idealism laban sa **pragmatism** ay may malalim na ugat sa kasaysayan ng pilosopikong pag-iisip.

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noumenon

[Pangngalan]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumenon, bagay sa sarili

Ex: Kant 's concept of noumenon has influenced debates in philosophy of mind , addressing questions about the nature of consciousness and subjective experience .Ang konsepto ni Kant ng **noumenon** ay nakaimpluwensya sa mga debate sa pilosopiya ng isip, na tinatalakay ang mga tanong tungkol sa kalikasan ng kamalayan at pansariling karanasan.

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transcendence

[Pangngalan]

a state of existing beyond the bounds of physical or material experience

Ex: He sought transcendence in nature , far from the city 's distractions .

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empiricism

[Pangngalan]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

Ex: She studied empiricism to understand the roots of modern science .

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Taoism

[Pangngalan]

a Chinese philosophy and religion founded on the teachings of Lao-tzu and developed by Chuang-tzu, emphasizing harmony with the Tao, simplicity, and natural order

Ex: The influence of Taoism can be seen in Chinese poetry and landscape painting .

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libertarianism

[Pangngalan]

a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom

libertarianismo, liberalismo libertaryo

Ex: Libertarianism advocates reducing government involvement in areas like healthcare and education .Ang **libertarianism** ay nagtataguyod ng pagbabawas ng paglahok ng gobyerno sa mga lugar tulad ng kalusugan at edukasyon.

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dualism

[Pangngalan]

the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

duwalismo, ang doktrina ng duwalismo

Ex: Gender dualism explores the binary classification of gender roles and identities into male and female categories .Ang **dualismong** kasarian ay nag-aaral sa binary classification ng mga papel at pagkakakilanlan ng kasarian sa mga kategoryang lalaki at babae.

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fatalism

[Pangngalan]

the philosophical doctrine that all events are predetermined and humans cannot change them

Ex: Fatalism often raises debates about free will and moral responsibility .

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deconstruction

[Pangngalan]

a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts

dekonstruksyon, pamamaraan ng dekonstruksyon

Ex: Deconstruction destabilizes established assumptions .Ang **deconstruction** ay nagpapawalang-tatag sa itinatag na mga palagay.

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hedonism

[Pangngalan]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

Ex: The debate compared utilitarianism and hedonism as moral systems .

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Cartesian

[pang-uri]

related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism

Kartesyano

Ex: A cartesian skeptic , employing methodical doubt , challenges the certainty of knowledge .Isang **Cartesian** na mapag-alinlangan, na gumagamit ng metodikong pagdududa, ay hinahamon ang katiyakan ng kaalaman.

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Kantian

[pang-uri]

relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality

Kantiano, nauugnay kay Kant

Ex: Guided by Kantian ethics , moral reasoning is steered by the principle of consistency .Pinamumunuan ng etikang **Kantian**, ang moral na pangangatwiran ay pinapatnubayan ng prinsipyo ng pagkakapare-pareho.

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socratic

[pang-uri]

related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates

Socratic

Ex: The principles of the Socratic method are still widely used in education and philosophy today.Ang mga prinsipyo ng pamamaraang **Socratic** ay malawakang ginagamit pa rin sa edukasyon at pilosopiya ngayon.

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transcendental

[pang-uri]

relating to or characteristic of a philosophy that emphasizes intuition and the spiritual over empirical or material experience

Ex: The essay explores how transcendental ideas shaped 19th-century literature .

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tenet

[Pangngalan]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

prinsipyo, dogma

Ex: The tenet of freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies , promoting open discourse and expression .Ang **prinsipyo** ng kalayaan sa pagsasalita ay isang batong-panulukan ng mga demokratikong lipunan, na nagtataguyod ng bukas na diskurso at pagpapahayag.

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