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a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories
辩证法
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
虚无主义
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
功利主义
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
斯多戈主义
a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist
唯我论
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
本体论
a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle
一元论
a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism
客观主义
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
主观主义, 主观性
the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning
荒谬主义, 荒诞主义
the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions
目的论, 目标研究
the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking
思考, 认知
a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective
单子, 不可分的实体
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
实用主义
a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers
物自体, 知性对象
the state of surpassing ordinary experience to reach higher understanding or existence
超越, 超脱
a Chinese philosophy focusing on living in harmony with the Tao, the fundamental principle of the universe
道教
a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom
自由意志主义, 自由意志哲学
the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil
二元论
the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals
宿命论
a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts
解构
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure
享乐主义
related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism
笛卡尔的, 与笛卡尔有关的
relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality
康德的, 康德主义的
related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates
苏格拉底的, 与苏格拉底相关的
relating to a system of thought emphasizing intuition and spirituality over empirical evidence, seeking to understand reality beyond the physical world
超验的, 超越的
a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion
原则, 信条
