C2级单词表 - Philosophy

在这里,您将学习所有关于哲学的基本词汇,这些词汇是专门为C2级别的学习者收集的。

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C2级单词表
dialectic [名词]
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a structured method of reasoning in which truth is reached through the systematic exchange of logical arguments

Ex:
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世界观

Ex: Different cultures have diverse weltanschauung .

不同的文化有着多样的世界观

nihilism [名词]
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the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

Ex: Nihilism can lead to radical skepticism about law and order .
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功利主义

Ex: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are among the most influential proponents of utilitarianism , advocating for a moral calculus based on the principle of utility .

杰里米·边沁和约翰·斯图尔特·密尔是功利主义最有影响力的支持者之一,主张基于效用原则的道德计算。

stoicism [名词]
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斯多葛主义

Ex: Her dissertation analyzed how stoicism influenced prominent historical figures from Washington to Mandela .

她的论文分析了斯多葛主义如何影响了从华盛顿到曼德拉等著名历史人物。

solipsism [名词]
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唯我论

Ex: In the realm of solipsism , the external world is viewed as uncertain or potentially non-existent .

唯我论的领域中,外部世界被视为不确定或可能不存在。

ontology [名词]
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本体论

Ex: In ontology , philosophers inquire into the nature of being , distinguishing between different categories of existence and examining the properties of entities .

本体论中,哲学家探究存在的本质,区分不同的存在类别并检查实体的属性。

monism [名词]
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一元论

Ex: Idealistic monism posits that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual in nature .

理想主义的一元论认为现实本质上是精神的或灵性的。

objectivism [名词]
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客观主义

Ex: A core tenet of objectivism is the pursuit of one 's own happiness and rational self-interest as the highest moral purpose of life .

客观主义的一个核心信条是追求个人幸福和理性的自我利益作为生活的最高道德目的。

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主观主义

Ex: In ethical subjectivism , moral judgments are based on personal feelings and opinions rather than objective criteria or external truths .

在伦理主观主义中,道德判断是基于个人感受和意见,而不是客观标准或外部真理。

absurdism [名词]
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荒诞主义

Ex: Despite acknowledging life 's inherent meaninglessness , absurdism encourages individuals to rebel against this absurdity by creating their own purpose and values .

尽管承认生命固有的无意义,荒诞主义鼓励个人通过创造自己的目的和价值观来反抗这种荒诞。

teleology [名词]
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目的论

Ex: The idea of teleology in nature was challenged by Enlightenment thinkers who sought to explain phenomena without resorting to divine purpose .

自然界中目的论的想法受到了启蒙思想家的挑战,他们试图在不诉诸神圣目的的情况下解释现象。

cogito [名词]
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cogito

Ex: The concept of cogito forms the foundational certainty in Descartes ' philosophy , asserting that the very act of doubt confirms the doubter 's existence .

我思的概念在笛卡尔的哲学中形成了基本的确定性,断言怀疑的行为本身就证实了怀疑者的存在。

monad [名词]
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单子

Ex: The idea of monads influenced later philosophical discussions on individuality , perception , and the nature of existence .

单子的概念影响了后来关于个体性、感知和存在本质的哲学讨论。

pragmatism [名词]
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实用主义

Ex: The core tenet of philosophical pragmatism is that the value of a concept lies in its ability to solve real-world problems and contribute to practical success .

哲学实用主义的核心信条是,一个概念的价值在于它解决现实世界问题和促进实际成功的能力。

noumenon [名词]
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本体

Ex:

本体提出了关于现实本身的性质和人类理解局限性的问题。

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a state of existing beyond the bounds of physical or material experience

Ex: Philosophers often discuss the transcendence of the soul over the body .
empiricism [名词]
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(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

Ex: Empiricism emphasizes observation over speculation .
Taoism [名词]
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a Chinese philosophy and religion founded on the teachings of Lao-tzu and developed by Chuang-tzu, emphasizing harmony with the Tao, simplicity, and natural order

Ex: Lao-tzu's Tao Te Ching remains the central text of Taoism .
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自由意志主义

Ex: Personal freedom and limited government define libertarianism .

个人自由和有限政府定义了自由主义

dualism [名词]
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二元论

Ex: Substance dualism holds that the mind and body are composed of different fundamental substances , such as mental and physical substances .

实体二元论认为心灵和身体由不同的基本实体组成,如精神和物质实体。

fatalism [名词]
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the philosophical doctrine that all events are predetermined and humans cannot change them

Ex: His lectures explored fatalism in classical literature .
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解构

Ex: Jacques Derrida developed deconstruction in philosophy .

雅克·德里达在哲学中发展了解构

hedonism [名词]
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an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

Ex: In ethical hedonism , pleasure is viewed as the ultimate moral value .
Cartesian [形容词]
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笛卡尔的

Ex: The cartesian method involves doubting everything to find indubitable truths .

笛卡尔方法涉及怀疑一切以找到不容置疑的真理。

Kantian [形容词]
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康德的

Ex: Central to Kantian philosophy is the prioritization of duty and adherence to universal moral laws .

康德哲学的核心是优先考虑义务和遵守普遍的道德法则。

socratic [形容词]
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苏格拉底的

Ex:

她的教学风格深受苏格拉底式方法的影响,鼓励学生深入思考复杂问题。

transcendental [形容词]
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relating to or characteristic of a philosophy that emphasizes intuition and the spiritual over empirical or material experience

Ex:
tenet [名词]
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原则

Ex: In Buddhism , the tenet of impermanence teaches that all things are in a constant state of change .

在佛教中,无常的教义教导说一切事物都处于不断变化的状态。