C2级单词表 - Philosophy

在这里，您将学习所有关于哲学的基本词汇，这些词汇是专门为C2级别的学习者收集的。

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dialectic

[名词]

a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories

辩证法, 辩证方法

Ex: The dialectic process involves thesis , antithesis , and synthesis , where conflicting ideas are confronted and reconciled to arrive at a higher truth .**辩证**过程包括正题、反题和合题，其中对立的观点被面对并调和以达到更高的真理。

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weltanschauung

[名词]

a person's overall philosophical perspective or worldview

世界观, 宇宙观

Ex: Enlightenment brought shifts in weltanschauung.启蒙运动带来了**世界观**的转变。

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nihilism

[名词]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

虚无主义, 否定主义

Ex: While nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .虽然**虚无主义**常常与绝望和悲观主义联系在一起，但一些哲学家将其视为一种解放的哲学，将个人从传统道德和意识形态的约束中解放出来。

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utilitarianism

[名词]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

功利主义, 效用学说

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**功利主义**经常应用于公共政策、经济和伦理等领域，其决策旨在最大化社会福利或效用。

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stoicism

[名词]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

斯多葛主义, 斯多葛哲学

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .通过学习区分什么在我们控制之内和之外，**斯多葛主义**为内心平静提供了工具。

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solipsism

[名词]

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

唯我论, 哲学上的自我中心主义

Ex: Solipsism can lead to a sense of isolation , as the individual 's reality becomes confined to their own consciousness .**唯我论**可能导致孤立感，因为个体的现实被限制在他们自己的意识中。

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ontology

[名词]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

本体论

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .在当代哲学中，**本体论**与逻辑学、形而上学和认识论等其他学科相交，塑造了我们对现实基本结构的理解。

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monism

[名词]

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

一元论, 一元论理论

Ex: The unity of mind and body in Spinoza 's philosophy exemplifies a form of monism.斯宾诺莎哲学中身心合一体现了一种**一元论**形式。

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objectivism

[名词]

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

客观主义, 客观主义哲学

Ex: Ayn Rand 's novels , such as " The Fountainhead " and " Atlas Shrugged , " dramatize the principles of objectivism, illustrating her vision of heroic individualism and the creative power of the human mind .安·兰德的小说，如《源泉》和《阿特拉斯耸耸肩》，戏剧化了**客观主义**的原则，说明了她对英雄个人主义和人类心灵创造力的愿景。

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subjectivism

[名词]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

主观主义, 主观主义学说

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .哲学中客观主义与**主观主义**之间的辩论围绕着道德和认识论主张是否可以建立在客观现实基础上，还是本质上就是主观的。

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absurdism

[名词]

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

荒诞主义, 荒谬

Ex: The works of existentialist writers , such as Camus ' " The Stranger " and Samuel Beckett 's " Waiting for Godot , " often delve into themes of absurdism, highlighting the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless world .存在主义作家的作品，如加缪的《局外人》和塞缪尔·贝克特的《等待戈多》，常常深入探讨**荒诞主义**的主题，突出人类在无意义的世界中寻找意义的斗争。

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teleology

[名词]

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

目的论, 目的研究

Ex: The field of artificial intelligence ethics grapples with questions related to teleology, ethical goals , and the potential unintended consequences of AI systems .人工智能伦理领域探讨与**目的论**、伦理目标以及AI系统潜在意外后果相关的问题。

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cogito

[名词]

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, 通过思考的行为来说明对自我存在的核心认知的哲学

Ex: The cogito serves as a pivotal point in Western philosophy , providing a starting ground for Descartes ' subsequent inquiries into knowledge , reality , and the nature of being .**我思**在西方哲学中作为一个关键点，为笛卡尔随后对知识、现实和存在本质的探究提供了起点。

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monad

[名词]

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

单子, 不可分割的实体

Ex: Monadology , Leibniz 's philosophical treatise , explores the nature of monads and their role in the harmonious pre-established order of the universe .**单子论**，莱布尼茨的哲学论文，探讨了**单子**的本质及其在宇宙和谐预定秩序中的作用。

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pragmatism

[名词]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

实用主义, 实用主义哲学

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .哲学家之间关于理想主义与**实用主义**优点的辩论在哲学思想史上有着深厚的根源。

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noumenon

[名词]

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

本体, 物自体

Ex: Kant 's concept of noumenon has influenced debates in philosophy of mind , addressing questions about the nature of consciousness and subjective experience .康德的**本体**概念影响了心灵哲学中的辩论，解决了关于意识和主观经验本质的问题。

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transcendence

[名词]

the state of surpassing ordinary experience to reach higher understanding or existence

超越, 超然

Ex: Transcendence leads to unity with the cosmos beyond self-limitations .**超越**导致与宇宙的统一，超越自我限制。

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empiricism

[名词]

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

经验主义, 实验主义

Ex: Critics of empiricism argue that it may overlook the importance of a priori knowledge and the inherent structures of the mind that influence how we perceive and interpret experiences .**经验主义**的批评者认为，它可能忽视了先验知识的重要性以及影响我们感知和解释经验的心灵固有结构。

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Taoism

[名词]

a Chinese philosophy focusing on living in harmony with the Tao, the fundamental principle of the universe

道教, 道学

Ex: Taoism encourages finding contentment in simplicity .**道教**鼓励在简单中找到满足。

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libertarianism

[名词]

a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom

自由意志主义, 自由主义自由意志论

Ex: Libertarianism advocates reducing government involvement in areas like healthcare and education .**自由主义**主张减少政府在医疗和教育等领域的干预。

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dualism

[名词]

the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

二元论, 二元论学说

Ex: Gender dualism explores the binary classification of gender roles and identities into male and female categories .性别**二元论**探讨了将性别角色和身份分为男性和女性类别的二元分类。

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fatalism

[名词]

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

宿命论, 命运信仰

Ex: The fatalistic viewpoint often arises in discussions about destiny, chance, and the nature of existence.**宿命论**的观点经常出现在关于命运、机遇和存在本质的讨论中。

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deconstruction

[名词]

a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts

解构, 解构方法

Ex: Deconstruction destabilizes established assumptions .**解构**动摇了既定的假设。

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hedonism

[名词]

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

享乐主义

Ex: Critics of hedonism argue that an excessive focus on pleasure can lead to selfishness and a neglect of responsibilities and long-term goals .**享乐主义**的批评者认为，过分关注快乐会导致自私和对责任及长期目标的忽视。

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Cartesian

[形容词]

related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism

笛卡尔的

Ex: A cartesian skeptic , employing methodical doubt , challenges the certainty of knowledge .一个**笛卡尔**怀疑论者，运用方法论的怀疑，挑战知识的确定性。

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Kantian

[形容词]

relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality

康德的, 康德式的

Ex: Guided by Kantian ethics , moral reasoning is steered by the principle of consistency .以**康德**伦理学为指导，道德推理由一致性原则引导。

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socratic

[形容词]

related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates

苏格拉底的

Ex: The principles of the Socratic method are still widely used in education and philosophy today.**苏格拉底式**方法的原则至今仍在教育和哲学中被广泛使用。

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transcendental

[形容词]

relating to a system of thought emphasizing intuition and spirituality over empirical evidence, seeking to understand reality beyond the physical world

超验的, 形而上学的

Ex: Transcendental philosophy challenges the materialistic assumptions of mainstream science, advocating for a deeper understanding of existence.**先验**哲学挑战主流科学的物质主义假设，倡导对存在有更深的理解。

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tenet

[名词]

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

原则, 信条

Ex: The tenet of freedom of speech is a cornerstone of democratic societies , promoting open discourse and expression .言论自由的**原则**是民主社会的基石，促进开放的讨论和表达。

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C2级单词表

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C2级单词表 - Philosophy