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a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories
辩证法
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
怀疑论
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
功利主义
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
斯多葛派
a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist
相信只有自己的思想才能确定存在
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
本体论
a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle
一元论
a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism
客观主义
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
主观主义
the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning
荒诞主义
the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions
目的论
the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking
存在哲学
a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective
单子
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
实用主义
a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers
本体（哲学）
the state of surpassing ordinary experience to reach higher understanding or existence
超越
a Chinese philosophy focusing on living in harmony with the Tao, the fundamental principle of the universe
道教
a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom
自由主义
the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil
二元论
the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals
宿命论
a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts
解构
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure
享乐主义（哲学）
related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism
与勒内·笛卡尔的哲学概念相关
relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality
属于康德哲学
related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates
苏格拉底式的
relating to a system of thought emphasizing intuition and spirituality over empirical evidence, seeking to understand reality beyond the physical world
思维导向
a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion
基本思想
