Lista Słówek Poziomu C2 - Philosophy

a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories

dialektyka

a person's overall philosophical perspective or worldview

światopogląd, perspektywa filozoficzna

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilizm

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utylitaryzm

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicyzm

a philosophical concept or belief system that asserts the self as the only reality and that only the individual's mind is sure to exist

solipsyzm

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologia

a philosophical theory asserting that all of reality is fundamentally unified and derived from a single substance or principle

monizm

a philosophy that emphasizes individual rights, reason, and laissez-faire capitalism

obiektywizm

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subiektywizm, subiektywność

the belief that life is inherently meaningless, yet individuals can create their own meaning

absurdyzm, absurd

the study of purpose, design, and final causes in the natural world, exploring the idea that things have inherent goals or intentions

teleologia, nauka o celach

the philosophy illustrating the core acknowledgment of one's existence through the act of thinking

cogito, myślenie

a fundamental, indivisible entity or substance, often associated with Leibnizian philosophy, possessing inherent characteristics and reflecting the entire universe from its unique perspective

monada, niepodzielna jednostka

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatyzm

a philosophical term referring to the intrinsic nature of a thing, independent of human perception, in contrast to phenomena which are how things appear to human observers

noumenon, nomenon

the state of surpassing ordinary experience to reach higher understanding or existence

transcendencja, przekroczenie

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empiryzm

a doubtful view toward others' honesty or intentions

cynizm

a Chinese philosophy focusing on living in harmony with the Tao, the fundamental principle of the universe

taoizm

a philosophy advocating minimal government intervention and prioritizing individual freedom

libertarianizm, filozofia libertariańska

the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil

dualizm

the belief that events and outcomes are predetermined and inevitable, with little or no control by individuals

fatalizm

a philosophy method that reveals and challenges underlying assumptions in texts and concepts

dekonstrukcja

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

hedonizm

related to the philosophical concepts of René Descartes, particularly his focus on rationalism and mind-body dualism

kartezjański, descartesowski

relating to the philosophical principles advocated by Immanuel Kant, focusing on rationality and morality

kantowski, kantowska

related to the teaching or method of questioning used by the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates

sokratejski, związany z Sokratesem

relating to a system of thought emphasizing intuition and spirituality over empirical evidence, seeking to understand reality beyond the physical world

transcendentalny, transcendentalny

a fundamental belief or principle that is central to a system of thought, philosophy, or religion

zasada, dogmat